AUTHOR=Bahmani Ramin , Kim Dong G. , Kim Jin A. , Hwang Seongbin 

TITLE=The Density and Length of Root Hairs Are Enhanced in Response to Cadmium and Arsenic by Modulating Gene Expressions Involved in Fate Determination and Morphogenesis of Root Hairs in Arabidopsis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01763

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2016.01763

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Root hairs are tubular outgrowths that originate from epidermal cells. Exposure of <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic [arsenite, As(III)] increases root hair density and length. To examine the underlying mechanism, we measured the expression of genes involved in fate determination and morphogenesis of root hairs. Cd and As(III) downregulated <italic>TTG1</italic> and <italic>GL2</italic> (negative regulators of fate determination) and upregulated <italic>GEM</italic> (positive regulator), suggesting that root hair fate determination is stimulated by Cd and As(III). Cd and As(III) increased the transcript levels of genes involved in root hair initiation (<italic>RHD6</italic> and <italic>AXR2</italic>) and root hair elongation (<italic>AUX1</italic>, <italic>AXR1</italic>, <italic>ETR1</italic>, and <italic>EIN2</italic>) except <italic>CTR1. DR5</italic>::<italic>GUS</italic> transgenic <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> showed a higher <italic>DR5</italic> expression in the root tip, suggesting that Cd and As(III) increased the auxin content in the root tip. Knockdown of <italic>TTG1</italic> in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> resulted in increased root hair density and decreased root hair length compared with the control (Col-0) on 1/2 MS media. This phenotype may be attributed to the downregulation of <italic>GL2</italic> and <italic>CTR1</italic> and upregulation of <italic>RHD6</italic>. By contrast, <italic>gem</italic> mutant plants displayed a decrease in root hair density and length with reduced expression of <italic>RHD6</italic>, <italic>AXR2</italic>, <italic>AUX1</italic>, <italic>AXR1</italic>, <italic>ETR1</italic>, <italic>CTR1</italic>, and <italic>EIN2</italic>. Taken together, our results indicate that fate determination, initiation, and elongation of root hairs are stimulated in response to Cd and As(III) through the modulation of the expression of genes involved in these processes in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic>.</p>