AUTHOR=Sun Bo , Darma Panji Nursetia , Sejati Prima Asmara , Shirai Tomoyuki , Narita Kosei , Takei Masahiro 

TITLE=Physiological-induced conductive response evaluation in specific muscle compartments under hybrid of electrical muscle stimulation and voluntary resistance training by electrical impedance tomography

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2023.1185958

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2023.1185958

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Objective:</bold> The physiological-induced conductive response has been visualised for evaluation in specific muscle compartments under hybrid (<italic>hybrid</italic>EMS) of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and voluntary resistance training (VRT) by electrical impedance tomography (EIT).</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> In the experiments, tendency of conductivity distribution images <bold>σ</bold> over time was clearly detected for three specific muscle compartments, which are called <italic>AM</italic><sub>1</sub> compartment composed of biceps brachii muscle, <italic>AM</italic><sub>2</sub> compartment composed of triceps brachii muscle, and <italic>AM</italic><sub>3</sub> compartment composed of brachialis muscle, under three training modalities.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> From the experimental results, the tendency of physiological-induced conductive response are increased in all three training modalities with increasing training time. Correspondingly, the spatial-mean conductivity &lt;<bold>σ</bold>&gt;<sub><italic>AM</italic>1,<italic>AM</italic>2,<italic>AM</italic>3</sub> increased with the conductance value <italic>G</italic> and extracellular water ratio <italic>β</italic> of right arm by bio-impedance analysis (BIA) method. In addition, <italic>hybrid</italic>EMS has the greatest effect on physiological-induced conductive response in <italic>AM</italic><sub>1</sub>, <italic>AM</italic><sub>2</sub>, and <italic>AM</italic><sub>3</sub>. Under <italic>hybrid</italic>EMS, the spatial-mean conductivity increased from &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup><italic>pre</italic></sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>1</sub> = 0.154 to &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup>23mins</sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>1</sub> = 0.810 in <italic>AM</italic><sub>1</sub> muscle compartment (<italic>n</italic> = 8, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001); &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup><italic>pre</italic></sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>2</sub> = 0.040 to &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup>23mins</sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>2</sub> = 0.254 in <italic>AM</italic><sub>2</sub> muscle compartment (<italic>n</italic> = 8, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05); &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup><italic>pre</italic></sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>3</sub> = 0.078 to &lt;<bold>σ</bold><sup>23mins</sup> &gt; <sub><italic>AM</italic>3</sub> = 0.497 in <italic>AM</italic><sub>3</sub> muscle compartment (<italic>n</italic> = 8, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The paired-samples <italic>t</italic>-test results of &lt;<bold>σ</bold>&gt;<sub><italic>AM</italic>1,<italic>AM</italic>2,<italic>AM</italic>3</sub> under all three training modalities suggest <italic>hybrid</italic>EMS has the most efficient elicitation on physiological induced conductive response compared to VRT and EMS. The effect of EMS on deep muscle compartment (<italic>AM</italic><sub>3</sub>) is slower compared to VRT and <italic>hybrid</italic>EMS, with a significant difference after 15 min of training.</p>