Skip to main content

REVIEW article

Front. Physiol., 13 April 2023
Sec. Exercise Physiology
This article is part of the Research Topic Coaches’ Role in Youth Sports Performance: Early Specialization Versus Long-Term Development View all 7 articles

Effects of plyometric training on kicking performance in soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 1China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
  • 2School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
  • 3Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 4Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • 5Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled effect size (ES) of plyometric training (PT) on kicking performance (kicking speed and distance) in soccer players depending upon some related factors (i.e., age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration). This study was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases—EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science—were searched for relevant studies. A total of n = 16 studies yielding 17 ES with n = 553 participants were finally included in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to calculate Hedge’s g with a 95% confidence interval (CI), which showed that plyometric training had a large-sized positive effect on soccer kicking performance (g = 0.979, 95% CI [0.606, 1.353], p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses were performed according to participants’ characteristics (i.e., age, gender, skill level) and intervention duration, demonstrating no significant differences between these subgroups. The study pointed out that plyometric training is a generally effective method to improve soccer players’ kicking performance, which plays a crucial role in passing and shooting actions during games. As for soccer players and strength and conditioning coaches, the plyometric training aiming to enhance kicking performance has valuable implications in practice. Therefore, besides well-known training methods like power training in the weight room, plyometric training could be incorporated into the overall strength and conditioning programs for soccer players to reach high standards of kicking performance.

1 Introduction

Kicking is one of the most important skills in soccer, where different kinds of techniques can be used in offensive and defensive scenarios for the purposes of passing, clearing, and scoring (Peacock and Ball, 2019). Kicking performance is a key skill for the ending actions during games and then has a crucial effect on the game outcome. According to Çobanoglu (2019), 78.98% of the goals in the 2018 World Cup were scored with foot shots. In particular, the goal-scoring odds possibly increase when players try to kick the ball at high speed on this account that the faster kick means less opportunity to be intercepted or saved (Peacock and Ball, 2019). Therefore, it is necessary for the coaching staff to choose an effective way to improve players’ kicking performance. Previous studies examined the influence of different types of training methods on the improvement of kicking performance, including resistance training (Manolopoulos et al., 2013), combined strength and coordination training (Manolopoulos et al., 2006), and eccentric-overload training (Fiorilli et al., 2020).

Over recent years, plyometric training (PT) has emerged as an effective, time-efficient, and easy way to implement training (Asadi, 2013) and improve kicking performance (Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2015a). PT is a classification of strength training exercise consisting mainly of various forms of jumping (De Villarreal et al., 2010; Sole, 2017), which is designed to increase strength and explosiveness, and neuromuscular performance (Wang and Zhang, 2016). Classical plyometric exercises include the drop jump, countermovement jump, squat jump, bounding, and depth jump, which are the natural parts of most sports movements (Asmussen and Bonde-Petersen, 1974; Bauer et al., 1990; Anderst et al., 1994). Depending on the objectives of the training program, different PT exercises are used. These exercises may be used separately or in combination as part of a training regimen.

The identifying feature of PT is the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) which means the muscle movement involves a high-intensity eccentric contraction immediately after a rapid and powerful concentric contraction (Malisoux et al., 2006). To be specific, an SSC consists o three distinct phases: 1) the eccentric phase, 2) the amortization phase, and 3) the concentric phase (Davies et al., 2015; Sole, 2017). The eccentric phase is characterized by the active lengthening or stretch of the musculotendinous unit. The amortization phase represents the brief time interval between eccentric and concentric muscle action and involves an isometric action. The concentric or propulsive phase consists of concentric muscle action (Davies et al., 2015). The SSC is an indispensable part of PT because it improves the ability of the muscle-tendon unit to produce maximal force within a short time (Komi, 2003), which is conducive to enhancing strength, power output, coordination, and athletic performance (De Villarreal et al., 2010; Asadi et al., 2016; Berton et al., 2018).

To explain the efficacy of PT, a number of mechanisms have been put forth, with varied degrees of emphasis and conclusions drawn throughout the literature. Researchers have noted the importance of elastic strain energy (Kubo et al., 1999; Finni et al., 2001b; Bojsen-Moller et al., 2005; McBride et al., 2008), involuntary nervous processes (Bosco et al., 1981; Bosco et al., 1987), increased active range of movement (Bobbert et al., 1996; Bobbert and Casius, 2005), length-tension characteristics (Ettema et al., 1992; Finni et al., 2001a), pre-activity tension (Kyrölänen et al., 1991), and enhanced coordination along with the innate action of the prestretch (Bobbert et al., 1996; Bobbert and Casius, 2005). In essence, these hypotheses can be classified into three bases: The physiological, mechanical, and neurophysiological basis (Davies et al., 2015). Firstly, the physiologic basis. For the purpose of regulating movement and generating force during PT, the contractile component of the actin and myosin cross bridges with the sarcomere is essential. According to the muscle-tendon unit physiological length-tension curve, the PT makes use of the pre-stretch in order to enhance the ability of the muscle fibers to generate more tension and resultant force production (Davies and Ellenbecker, 1992; Davies and Matheson, 2001). Secondly, a significant factor in plyometric movement is the series elastic components’ (SEC) mechanical behavior (Davies et al., 2015). The SEC stores potential kinetic energy during the pre-stretch motion. As the muscle lengthens to its normal length, the stored energy helps provide concentric force. The term for this is the rebound force reaction. The SEC functions like a spring, with larger forces causing a greater energy release. The elastic recoil of the elastic tissues is thought to be the cause of this impact of PT (Cavagna et al., 1965; Cavagna et al., 1968). The SEC is responsible for between 70 and 75 percent of the muscle’s concentric force increases, making plyometric training very effective (Albert, 1991). Thirdly, the neurophysiological basis. The muscle spindle, the Golgi tendon organ (GTO), and the mechanoreceptors found in ligaments and joint capsules make up the body’s proprioceptors. The facilitation, inhibition, and modulation of both agonistic and antagonistic muscles can result from the stimulation of these receptors (Radcliffe and Farentinos, 1985). Afferent nerve firing increases as the muscle spindle is stretched. The rate of the applied stretch affects how strong of a signal the muscle spindle sends to the spinal cord. The neurological signal produced by the muscle spindle gets stronger the faster it is stretched, which causes a larger contraction of the efferent muscles (the shortening cycle of the plyometric movement). The GTO is another mechanoreceptor that is important for the plyometric stretch-shorten cycle. As a defensive response, the GTO works to keep muscles from contracting too much or becoming excessively tense. As a result, the GTO helps with force modulation during PT. Hence, the goal of plyometric exercise is to desensitize the GTO while increasing the excitability of the neurologic receptors for greater reactivity of the neuromuscular system (Radcliffe and Farentinos, 1985; Ebben et al., 2010). Intense plyometric activities can boost neuromuscular coordination and thus increase neural efficiency. Consequently, by raising the speed at which the muscles can contract, PT improves neuromuscular function. In the end, this technique strengthens the neurologic system to enable greater automatic neuromuscular coordination. (Ebben et al., 2010).

Based on these mechanisms, PT has been implemented to enhance kicking movement, which is an explosive action in soccer (Markovic and Mikulic, 2010; Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2014b). In several studies, the effectiveness of PT has been examined with respect to two dimensions of kicking performance (i.e., kicking speed and kicking distance). Some studies have demonstrated the benefit of PT on kicking speed (Ozbar, 2015; Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2020) and kicking distance (Mengesh et al., 2015; Vera-Assaoka et al., 2020). However, some studies on PT have failed to show any improvement in kicking performance (e.g., Branquinho et al., 2020). Therefore, the potential improvements in kicking performance acquired from the PT intervention remain equivocal compared to regular strength training. As we know, synthesizing results across studies to reach an overall understanding of a problem is an essential part of the scientific process (Gurevitch et al., 2018; Hansen et al., 2022). Consequently, a meta-analytic synthesis is useful for identifying potentially incongruent research findings and promoting evidence-based practice due to its comprehensiveness, quantifiable evidence, and practice-specific recommendations (Gurevitch et al., 2018). Therefore, in order to provide recommendations that are supported by scientific evidence, a thorough examination and meta-analysis of these experimental findings are required in light of the inconsistent outcomes of PT’s efficacy.

In addition, identifying the role of potential moderating factors in the PT effect is also crucial when understanding the overall effect of PT. More importantly, it provides valuable insights for sports practitioners to develop fine-tuned or individual-anchored instruction programs. The effects of PT seem to differ depending on participants’ age, gender, skill level, and duration of PT. For example, regarding age, due to the rapid underlying processes of maturation, it has been discovered that PT has various degrees of effectiveness at different phases of development in youth players (Rumpf et al., 2012; Moran et al., 2017). Furthermore, in terms of gender, as the sex-specific maturational development, researchers have found that the effect of PT varied across gender (Moran et al., 2019). Empirical studies that combine these factors in various ways might sometimes provide contradictory results (Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2016). Therefore, the present study included the participants’ characteristics (i.e., age, gender, skill level) and intervention duration as moderating variables to identify whether the effectiveness of PT would vary according to these variables.

In summary, this systematic review and meta-analysis’s primary purpose was to systematically estimate the overall effect of PT on kicking performance (i.e., kicking speed and kicking distance). The secondary purpose was to determine the variation in PT effect among participants’ characteristics (i.e., age, gender, skill level) and intervention duration.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Search strategy

Systematically searches were conducted on four electronic databases (EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) until 15 June 2022. All possible keyword combinations from the following two groups were included in the search algorithm: (“plyometric” OR “plyometric training” OR “stretch-shortening cycle”) AND (“kicking speed” OR “kicking velocity” OR “kicking distance”). Additionally, a manual search was performed to find relevant publications in the reference lists of each article that was included. Only peer-reviewed, English-language research articles were included in the search.

2.2 Eligibility criteria

The meta-analysis included studies that meet all of the following criteria: 1) population: Healthy soccer players with no previous injury history; 2) intervention: Plyometric training was utilized in the experiment group; 3) comparison: Regular soccer training program was applied in the control group; 4) outcome: Kicking performance was measured, including kicking speed or kicking distance; and 5) study design: The study needed to be a randomized controlled trial.

2.3 Literature selection

The studies that met the eligibility requirements were selected independently by two reviewers (YZ and DL). If there were inconsistencies between the two reviewers, they discussed the rationale for their choices, and if one reviewer realized he/she had made an error, then the process was concluded (Devereaux et al., 2002). All disagreements were resolved in this manner.

2.4 Data extraction

One reviewer (YZ) gathered the following information from all included studies and entered it into Microsoft Excel. A second reviewer (DL) verified the accuracy of the following data: Author name(s), publication year, title, sample size, participant characteristics (age, gender, and skill level), intervention duration, study design, and kicking performance outcome(s). In the present study, the dominant leg’s kicking performance was chosen as the primary criterion (García-Ramos et al., 2017). If the dominant leg was not specified, the performance with the right leg was chosen (García-Ramos et al., 2017).

2.5 Data synthesis

The data formats of the studies included in the meta-analysis are of two types: One data format is pretest-posttest-control design data that includes the means and SDs of the pre-test score and post-test score for the experimental group (plyometric training group) and control group, and the other one is the means and SDs of the pre-test score and the gain score (the post-test score minus the pre-test score) for the experimental group (plyometric training group) and control group.

For the data from the pretest-posttest-control design, Morris (2008) has proposed a reasonable and validated method to estimate effect sizes. The method favored an effect size based on the mean pre-post change in the treatment group minus the mean pre-post change in the control group, divided by the pooled pre-test SD (see Eqs. 1, 2) (Morris, 2008). Then, according to Borenstein et al. (2009), Cohen’s d converted to Hedge’s g (see Eqs. 3, 4).

For the data from the pre-test score and the gain score with their SDs, as the studies included in the meta-analysis provided the pre-test score and its SD, the pooled pre-test SD could be estimated by Eq. 1 (Morris, 2008). In addition, as the included studies provided the mean of the gain score (the post-test score minus the pre-test score) for the experimental group and control group, Cohen’s d could be imputed by Eq. 2 (Morris, 2008). Then, the estimations of Correction factor J and Hedge’s g are the same as the above-mentioned Eqs. 3, 4).

In cases where insufficient data were provided to assess the effect size (ES), attempts were made to contact the study’s authors. For the correlations between the pre- and post-measurements, we followed the recommendations from Follmann et al. (1992) and Higgins et al. (2022) and used an estimated correlation of 0.5. For studies that did not report SDs but provided 90% CIs of means, the 90% CIs would be transformed into SDs, according to Higgins et al. (2022).

[PooledPretestSD=nExp1SDPre,Exp2+nCon1SDPre,Con2nExp+nCon2](1)

(Morris, 2008)

[Cohensd=MPost,ExpMPre,ExpMPost,ConMPre,ConPooledPretestSD](2)

(Morris, 2008)

[CorrectionfactorJ=134nExp+nCon21](3)

Borenstein et al., 2009

Hedgesg=J×Cohensd(4)

Borenstein et al., 2009

2.6 Data analysis

The primary analysis was performed to estimate the overall effect of the PT intervention on kicking performance by using a meta-analysis based on the random-effects model in view of the heterogeneity within the program of PT intervention, the characteristics of participants, and the measurement of kicking performance. The ES was estimated using Hedge’s g with 95% CIs, and its magnitude was determined on the following scale: 0.2–0.5 for small, 0.5–0.8 for moderate, and >0.8 for large (Cohen, 1988).

The I2 index was used to determine the degree of study heterogeneity, and the thresholds of heterogeneity for low, moderate, and high were 25%, 50%, and 75% (Higgins et al., 2003). In order to facilitate the comprehension of between-study heterogeneity beyond the existing list of included studies, τ2 statistics were also provided (Rücker et al., 2008). To determine the impact of moderating factors (i.e., age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration) on the overall estimate, subgroup analyses using Cochran’s Q test and I2 were conducted.

Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot (Sedgwick and Marston, 2015) and Egger’s regression tests (Egger et al., 1997). Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially deleting each study to determine whether the pooled estimate was influenced excessively by a single study (Tobias, 1999).

Meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were carried out with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) 3.0 software (Borenstein, 2022). Two-sided tests were used in all analyses, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.

2.7 Study quality assessment

The methodological quality of the included studies was measured using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (Blobaum, 2006). The PEDro scale has 11 items that are used to rate the methodological quality. Each item that is achieved adds one point to the total PEDro score, which ranges from 0 to 10, and item 1 was not included in the study’s methodological quality evaluation (Maher et al., 2003). The quality assessment of the included studies was interpreted as follows: 1–3 points of the total PEDro score equaled poor quality, 4–5 points equaled moderate quality, and 6–10 points equaled high quality (Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2021).

3 Results

3.1 Study selection

The flow chart for the literature selection is shown in Figure 1. The initial search yielded a total of 1,319 records, including 129 from EBSCO, 343 from PubMed, 384 from Scopus, and 463 from Web of Science. After deleting duplicates with 625 records being eliminated, the left 694 records were screened for title and abstract. After screening the title and abstract, 670 records were deleted, and the full text of the remaining 24 articles was examined for compliance with the study selection criteria. Of these, eight articles were excluded. In total, 16 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis.

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

FIGURE 1. Flow chart of study selection.

3.2 Study characteristics

The essential characteristics of the 16 studies (17 ES) considered in the meta-analysis are summarized in Table 1. These are all randomized controlled trials. The sample size spans from 15 to 76, totaling n = 553 participants. The average age of the participants ranges from 10 to 23 years old. Furthermore, 11 studies focused solely on male athletes, while five studies focused solely on female athletes. In addition, 12 studies recruited non-elite players, while the remaining four used elite players. The intervention duration of the included studies ranges from 6 to 14 weeks. The most common training frequency was two sessions per week (n = 12). Regarding kicking performance measures, eight studies have utilized the kicking distance test, and eight have adopted the kicking speed test.

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

TABLE 1. Summary of characteristics of all studies meeting the inclusion criteria.

3.3 Meta-analysis

Figure 2 depicts the overall estimated ES for the efficacy of PT on kicking performance. There was a large-sized significant enhancement in kicking performance after PT implementation (Hedge’s g = 0.979, 95% CI [0.606, 1.353], p < 0.001, τ2 = 0.449). In addition, a large proportion of the between-study variance was demonstrated according to an I2 value of 76.180%.

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

FIGURE 2. Forest plot of kicking performance in soccer players participating in plyometric training compared to the control group.

The findings of the subgroup analysis are presented in Table 2. No significant between-group difference was found when subgroup analyses were conducted based on participants’ age (Q = 0.534, p = 0.465), gender (Q = 0.611, p = 0.434), skill level (Q = 0.321, p = 0.571), and the intervention duration (Q = 0.167, p = 0.683), suggesting that these variables did not moderate the effect of PT on kicking performance.

TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org

TABLE 2. Results of subgroup analysis.

3.4 Publication bias and sensitivity analysis

A visual examination of the funnel plot (see Figure 3) revealed a slightly asymmetrical distribution of the included studies; nevertheless, Egger’s regression test (t = 0.332, p = 0.745) indicated no significant publication bias. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity analysis showed no individual study considerably altered the overall effect of PT on kicking performance because when one study was eliminated at a time, the pooled estimate ranged from g = 0.880 (95% CI [0.539, 1.221]) to g = 1.051 (95% CI [0.688, 1.413]).

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

FIGURE 3. Funnel plot of publication bias.

3.5 Study quality assessment

The total PEDro score of each included study is displayed in Table 1. According to the interpretation of the total PEDro score (Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2021), four studies receiving 4–5 points were deemed to have moderate methodological quality, while the remaining twelve studies obtaining 6–10 points were assessed as being of high methodological quality.

4 Discussion

The prime objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of PT on kicking performance (i.e., kicking speed and kicking distance). A secondary purpose was to determine the relative significance of various subject characteristics and training variables on kicking performance improvement. The results of this meta-analysis (g = 0.979, p < 0.001) demonstrated that PT is a practical training protocol to improve kicking performance and revealed the generalizability of PT’s benefits across different subject characteristics and training duration.

4.1 The mechanisms of the PT effect on kicking performance

The improvements in kicking performance after PT could attribute to the following hypotheses.

First, PT potentiation is first explained mechanically as the use of elastic energy that has been stored. Our legs, for instance, behave like springs when hopping, jumping, and running; they compress when they make contact with the ground and store energy before rebounding when we push off and release it (Hobara et al., 2008). It is now understood that the tendon serves as the main location for storing elastic energy. (Kubo et al., 1999; Lichtwark and Wilson, 2007). It is theorized that the magnitude of elastic energy stored is proportional to the applied force and the generated deformation (Zatsiorsky et al., 2020). According to previous studies, elasticity significantly improves motor output in sports motions. (Kubo et al., 1999; Lichtwark and Wilson, 2007; McBride et al., 2008).

Second, the stretch reflex and other involuntary nervous system functions have been linked to SSC potentiation (Dietz et al., 1979; Bosco et al., 1981). In a nutshell, the muscle spindles trigger a reflex action upon the musculotendinous unit’s pre-stretching. Type Ia afferent fibers provide a neural impulse to the spinal cord when the muscle spindles notice an abrupt increase in muscle length. The alpha motor neuron and type Ia afferent fibers synapse after that, causing a reflexive muscular movement (Kandel et al., 2000). It is thought that when voluntary and involuntary (reflexive) motions are coordinated at the right time, the agonist’s muscle is activated to its supramaximal concentric level.

Thirdly, according to additional hypotheses, the eccentric action of the prestretch during PT increases the muscle’s active state (Bobbert and Casius, 2005), reducing the electromechanical delay, or the time interval between stimulation and mechanical output, in order to produce force in less time. (Cavanagh and Komi, 1979). As a result, the muscle’s functioning range is expanded, enabling it to produce more force and impulse during the movement’s concentric phase. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that a prestretch and subsequent lengthening would position the muscle in a more advantageous area of the length-tension relationship (Gordon et al., 1966a; Gordon et al., 1966b), increasing force production at the start of and throughout the concentric action as a result (Ettema et al., 1992).

Fourthly, PT could enhance explosive leg power. Kicking is a “whip-like” sequence in which the foot is the quickest link in the open kinetic chain (Carr and Carr, 2004). The velocity of the foot upon impact with the ball is a significant predictor of ball speed and kicking distance (Young and Rath, 2011). As the identifying feature of PT, SSC can assist neuronal and musculotendinous systems in producing maximum force in a minimum time (Markovic and Mikulic, 2010). Bober et al. (1987) have found that maximum knee extension velocity can be 20% higher during a rapid SSC compared to a concentric-only movement in a seated position. Therefore, PT improves kicking performance, possibly by increasing the explosive power of the legs.

Finally, Another possible explanation for PT’s benefits on kicking performance is the enhancement of players’ balance ability after PT intervention. Soccer is a sport that requires bipedal movement, which means standing on one leg while kicking the ball with the other leg (Bressel et al., 2007). That means the player must keep the balance at high speed while kicking the ball powerfully. A growing body of research demonstrated the significance of balance on kicking performance. The research of Cerrah et al. (2016) showed that the kicking velocity of the dominant leg correlated with the dynamic balance ability of the dominant leg and both legs. Furthermore, PT training has shown its advantages in improving players’ balance performance (Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2015a; Alikhani et al., 2019). Therefore, the PT intervention may improve soccer players’ kicking performance by increasing players’ balance ability.

The subgroup analyses show that potential factors (i.e., age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration) do not play a moderating role in the PT effect. Those results may be because of the uneven covariate distribution (e.g., five ES related to participants ≥18 years old vs. 12 ES related to participants <18), implying that the subgroup analyses may not be able to provide accurate results (Richardson et al., 2019). In addition, the unequal number of participants presenting data to these subgroups (e.g., n = 117 participants in the subgroup of age ≥18 years old vs. n = 436 participants in the subgroup of age <18) suggests that the analyses may not be capable of uncovering subgroup differences (Richardson et al., 2019). It would be prudent for more research to be conducted in the research field in order to investigate the subgroup effect.

4.2 Practical applications

PT is a recommended method for enhancing kicking performance. To reach a high level of kicking performance, strength, and conditioning professionals may incorporate PT into soccer players’ overall training program in addition to well-known training approaches such as strength and power training in the weight room. Based on different objectives, coaches can select different forms of PT, such as the drop jump, the countermovement jump, the squat jump, alternate-leg bounding, or hopping. In the practical application process, strength and conditioning professionals can use PT alone or in conjunction with other training methods (Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2015; Bouteraa et al., 2020).

4.3 Limitation

Some potential limitations of this study must be outlined. First, because the majority of the studies examined had small sample sizes, the impact of PT may have been overestimated compared to research with larger sample sizes. The effectiveness of PT on kicking performance should thus be examined and replicated using larger sample sizes to boost statistical power. In addition, the binary classification of the continuous data (e.g., the intervention duration > 7 weeks vs. ≤ 7 weeks) may lead to residual confounding and decreased statistical power (Altman and Royston, 2006). Finally, although the included studies did not specify any side effects associated with the PT intervention, it is unclear whether the researchers attempted to document all possible adverse events comprehensively. Therefore, researchers should provide more details on the possible injury, pain, and potential adverse impacts of PT training in future studies to enhance our understanding of the safety of PT.

5 Conclusion

The current study demonstrates that the PT intervention could effectively enhance soccer players’ kicking performance. The benefit of the PT effect reveals generalizability across age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration. To further examine the impact of the PT intervention on kicking performance, more research should be conducted in the research field to examine the effectiveness of PT, and larger sample sizes should be recruited to boost statistical power.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, YZ; methodology, YZ and DL; software, YZ and DL; formal analysis, YZ and DL; writing—original draft preparation, YZ; writing—review and editing, YZ, DL, M-AG-R, DM, CL, and MF; visualization, YZ; supervision, M-AG-R, DM, CL, and MF; funding acquisition, YZ and MF All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 20211022; the China Scholarship Council, grant number 202106520014; and the Beijing Higher Education “Undergraduate Teaching Reform and Innovation Project.”

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

Albert, M. (1991). Eccentric muscle training in sports and orthopedics. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Inc.

Google Scholar

Alikhani, R., Shahrjerdi, S., Golpaigany, M., and Kazemi, M. (2019). The effect of a six-week plyometric training on dynamic balance and knee proprioception in female badminton players. J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc. 63 (3), 144–153.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Altman, D. G., and Royston, P. (2006). The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ 332 (7549), 1080. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1080

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Anderst, W., Eksten, F., and Koceja, D. (1994). 176 effects of plyometric and explosive resistance training on lower body power. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26 (5), S31. doi:10.1249/00005768-199405001-00177

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Asadi, A., Arazi, H., Young, W. B., and de Villarreal, E. S. (2016). The effects of plyometric training on change-of-direction ability: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 11 (5), 563–573. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0694

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Asadi, A. (2013). Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training on jumping and agility performance of basketball players. Sport Sci. Health 9 (3), 133–137. doi:10.1007/s11332-013-0159-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Asmussen, E., and Bonde-Petersen, F. (1974). Storage of elastic energy in skeletal muscles in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 91 (3), 385–392. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05693.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bauer, T., Thayer, R. E., and Baras, G. (1990). Comparison of training modalities for power development in the lower extremity. J. Appl. Sports Sci. Res. 4 (4), 115–121. doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1990)004<0115:COTMFP>2.3.CO;2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Berton, R., Lixandrão, M. E., Pinto e Silva, C. M., and Tricoli, V. (2018). Effects of weightlifting exercise, traditional resistance and plyometric training on countermovement jump performance: A meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 36 (18), 2038–2044. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1434746

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Blobaum, P. (2006). Physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro). J. Med. Libr. Assoc. 94 (4), 477.

Google Scholar

Bobbert, M. F., and Casius, L. J. (2005). Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37 (3), 440–446. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000155389.34538.97

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bobbert, M. F., Gerritsen, K. G., Litjens, M. C., and Van Soest, A. J. (1996). Why is countermovement jump height greater than squat jump height? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, 1402–1412. doi:10.1097/00005768-199611000-00009

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bober, T., Putnam, C. A., and Woodworth, G. G. (1987). Factors influencing the angular velocity of a human limb segment. J. Biomech. 20 (5), 511–521. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(87)90251-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bojsen-Moller, J., Magnusson, S. P., Rasmussen, L. R., Kjaer, M., and Aagaard, P. (2005). Muscle performance during maximal isometric and dynamic contractions is influenced by the stiffness of the tendinous structures. J. Appl. Physiol. 99(3), 986–994. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01305.2004

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Borenstein, M. (2022). “Comprehensive meta-analysis software,” in Systematic reviews in health research: Meta-analysis in context. Editors M. Egger, J. P. Higgins, and G. D. Smith (Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd), 535–548.

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., and Rothstein, H. R. (2009). “Chapter 4 Effect sizes based on means,” in Introduction to meta-analysis. Editors M. Borenstein, L. V. Hedges, J. P. Higgins, and H. R. Rothstein (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons).

Google Scholar

Bosco, C., Komi, P. V., and Ito, A. (1981). Prestretch potentiation of human skeletal muscle during ballistic movement. Acta Physiol. Scand. 111 (2), 135–140. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06716.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bosco, C., Montanari, G., Ribacchi, R., Giovenali, P., Latteri, F., Iachelli, G., et al. (1987). Relationship between the efficiency of muscular work during jumping and the energetics of running. Eur. J. Appl. Physiology Occup. Physiology 56, 138–143. doi:10.1007/BF00640636

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bouteraa, I., Negra, Y., Shephard, R. J., and Chelly, M. S. (2020). Effects of combined balance and plyometric training on athletic performance in female basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 34 (7), 1967–1973. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002546

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Branquinho, L., Ferraz, R., Duarte-Mendes, P., Petrica, J., Serrano, J., and Marques, M. C. (2020). The effect of an in-season 8-week plyometric training programme followed by a detraining period on explosive skills in competitive junior soccer players. Montenegrin J. Sports Sci. Med. 9 (1), 33–40. doi:10.26773/mjssm.200305

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bressel, E., Yonker, J. C., Kras, J., and Heath, E. M. (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J. Athl. Train. 42 (1), 42–46.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Carr, G., and Carr, G. A. (2004). Sport mechanics for coaches. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics.

Google Scholar

Cavagna, G. A., Dusman, B., and Margaria, R. (1968). Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 24 (1), 21–32. doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.24.1.21

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cavagna, G. A., Saibene, F. P., and Margaria, R. (1965). Effect of negative work on the amount of positive work performed by an isolated muscle. J. Appl. Physiology 20 (1), 157–158. doi:10.1152/jappl.1965.20.1.157

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cavanagh, P. R., and Komi, P. V. (1979). Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions. Eur. J. Appl. physiology Occup. physiology 42, 159–163. doi:10.1007/BF00431022

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cerrah, A. O., Bayram, İ., Yildizer, G., Uğurlu, O., Şimşek, D., and Ertan, H. (2016). Effects of functional balance training on static and dynamic balance performance of adolescent soccer players. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Train. Sci. 2 (2), 73–81. doi:10.18826/ijsets.38897

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Çobanoglu, H. O. (2019). Analysis of goal scored on Russia world cup 2018. J. Educ. Train. Stud. 7 (2), 184–191. doi:10.11114/jets.v7i2.3998

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.

Google Scholar

Davies, G. J., and Ellenbecker, T. S. (1992). Eccentric isokinetics. Orthop. Phys. Ther. Clin. N. Am. 1 (2), 297–336.

Google Scholar

Davies, G. J., and Matheson, J. W. (2001). Shoulder plyometrics. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev. 9 (1), 1–18. doi:10.1097/00132585-200101000-00001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Davies, G., Riemann, B. L., and Manske, R. (2015). Current concepts of plyometric exercise. Int. J. sports Phys. Ther. 10 (6), 760–786.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

De Villarreal, E. S.-S., Requena, B., and Newton, R. U. (2010). Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. Med. 13 (5), 513–522. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Devereaux, P. J., Schünemann, H. J., Ravindran, N., Bhandari, M., Garg, A. X., Choi, P. T. L., et al. (2002). Comparison of mortality between private for-profit and private not-for-profit hemodialysis centers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 288 (19), 2449–2457. doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2449

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Schmidtbleicher, D., and Noth, J. (1979). Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion. J. Neurophysiology 42 (5), 1212–1222. doi:10.1152/jn.1979.42.5.1212

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ebben, W. P., VanderZanden, T., Wurm, B. J., and Petushek, E. J. (2010). Evaluating plyometric exercises using time to stabilization. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24 (2), 300–306. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cbaadd

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., and Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315 (7109), 629–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ettema, G. J. C., Huijing, P. A., and De Haan, A. (1992). The potentiating effect of prestretch on the contractile performance of rat gastrocnemius medialis muscle during subsequent shortening and isometric contractions. J. Exp. Biol. 165 (1), 121–136. doi:10.1242/jeb.165.1.121

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Finni, T., Ikegaw, S., Lepola, V., and Komi, P. (2001a). In vivo behavior of vastus lateralis muscle during dynamic performances. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 1 (1), 1–13. doi:10.1080/17461390100071101

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Finni, T., Ikegawa, S., and Komi, P. V. (2001b). Concentric force enhancement during human movement. Acta Physiol. Scand. 173 (4), 369–377. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201X.2001.00915.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fiorilli, G., Mariano, I., Iuliano, E., Giombini, A., Ciccarelli, A., Buonsenso, A., et al. (2020). Isoinertial eccentric-overload training in young soccer players: Effects on strength, sprint, change of direction, agility and soccer shooting precision. J. Sports Sci. Med. 19 (1), 213–223.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Follmann, D., Elliott, P., Suh, I. L., and Cutler, J. (1992). Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45 (7), 769–773. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-q

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

García-Ramos, A., Haff, G. G., Feriche, B., and Jaric, S. (2017). Effects of different conditioning programmes on the performance of high-velocity soccer-related tasks: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 13 (1), 129–151. doi:10.1177/1747954117711096

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gordon, A. M., Huxley, A. F., and Julian, F. J. (1966a). Tension development in highly stretched vertebrate muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 184 (1), 143–169. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007908

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gordon, A. M., Huxley, A. F., and Julian, F. J. (1966b). The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 184 (1), 170–192. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007909

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., and Stewart, G. (2018). Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature 555 (7695), 175–182. doi:10.1038/nature25753

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hansen, C., Steinmetz, H., and Block, J. (2022). How to conduct a meta-analysis in eight steps: A practical guide. Manag. Rev. Q. 72 (1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/s11301-021-00247-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., and Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327 (7414), 557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T. J., Page, M. J., et al. (2022). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. London: Cochrane.

Google Scholar

Hobara, H., Kimura, K., Omuro, K., Gomi, K., Muraoka, T., Iso, S., et al. (2008). Determinants of difference in leg stiffness between endurance- and power-trained athletes. J. Biomech. 41 (3), 506–514. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.10.014

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., Siegelbaum, S. A., and Hudspeth, A. (2000). Principles of neural science. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Google Scholar

Komi, P. V. (2003). “Stretch-Shortening cycle,” in Strength and power in sport. Editor P. V. Komi (Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd), 184–202.

Google Scholar

Kubo, K., Kawakami, Y., and Fukunaga, T. (1999). Influence of elastic properties of tendon structures on jump performance in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 87 (6), 2090–2096. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2090

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kyrölänen, H., Komi, P. V., and Kim, D. H. (1991). Effects of power training on neuromuscular performance and mechanical efficiency. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 1 (2), 78–87. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00275.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lichtwark, G. A., and Wilson, A. M. (2007). Is Achilles tendon compliance optimised for maximum muscle efficiency during locomotion? J. Biomech. 40 (8), 1768–1775. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.07.025

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R. D., Moseley, A. M., and Elkins, M. (2003). Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys. Ther. 83 (8), 713–721. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.8.713

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Malisoux, L., Francaux, M., Nielens, H., and Theisen, D. (2006). Stretch-shortening cycle exercises: An effective training paradigm to enhance power output of human single muscle fibers. J. Appl. Physiol. 100 (3), 771–779. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Manolopoulos, E., Katis, A., Manolopoulos, K., Kalapotharakos, V., and Kellis, E. (2013). Effects of a 10-week resistance exercise program on soccer kick biomechanics and muscle strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27 (12), 3391–3401. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182915f21

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Manolopoulos, E., Papadopoulos, C., and Kellis, E. (2006). Effects of combined strength and kick coordination training on soccer kick biomechanics in amateur players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 16 (2), 102–110. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00447.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Markovic, G., and Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med. 40 (10), 859–895. doi:10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

McBride, J. M., McCaulley, G. O., and Cormie, P. (2008). Influence of preactivity and eccentric muscle activity on concentric performance during vertical jumping. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22 (3), 750–757. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a83ef

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mengesh, M., Sangeeta, R., and Deyou, M. (2015). Effects of plyometric training on soccer related physical fitness variables of intercollegiate female soccer players. Turk. J. Kinesiol. 1 (1), 20–24.

Google Scholar

Moran, J., Clark, C. C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Davies, M. J., and Drury, B. (2019). A meta-analysis of plyometric training in female youth: Its efficacy and shortcomings in the literature. J. Strength Cond. Res. 33 (7), 1996–2008. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002768

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Moran, J. J., Sandercock, G. R., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Meylan, C. M., Collison, J. A., and Parry, D. A. (2017). Age-related variation in male youth athletes’ countermovement jump after plyometric training: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31 (2), 552–565. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001444

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Morris, S. B. (2008). Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organ. Res. Methods 11 (2), 364–386. doi:10.1177/1094428106291059

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ozbar, N. (2015). Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength, speed and kicking speed in female soccer players. Anthropol 19 (2), 333–339. doi:10.1080/09720073.2015.11891666

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Peacock, J. C., and Ball, K. (2019). Strategies to improve impact efficiency in football kicking. Sports Biomech. 18 (6), 608–621. doi:10.1080/14763141.2018.1452970

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Radcliffe, J., and Farentinos, R. (1985). Plyometrics: Explosive power training. Champaign. Illinois: Human Kinestics Publishers Inc.

Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., García-Pinillos, F., García-Ramos, A., Loturco, I., Chaabene, H., et al. (2020). Effects of combined surfaces vs. Single-surface plyometric training on soccer players’ physical fitness. J. Strength Cond. Res. 34 (9), 2644–2653. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002929

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., García-Pinillos, F., Gentil, P., Moran, J., Pereira, L. A., et al. (2019). Effects of plyometric training on physical performance of young male soccer players: Potential effects of different drop jump heights. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 31 (3), 306–313. doi:10.1123/pes.2018-0207

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., García-Pinillos, F., Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Yanci, J., Castillo, D., et al. (2018a). Optimal reactive strength index: Is it an accurate variable to optimize plyometric training effects on measures of physical fitness in young soccer players? J. Strength Cond. Res. 32 (4), 885–893. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002467

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., Gentil, P., Moran, J., García-Pinillos, F., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., et al. (2018b). Inter-individual variability in responses to 7 weeks of plyometric jump training in male youth soccer players. Front. Physiol. 9, 1156. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01156

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., Álvarez, C., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Martínez, C., Báez-SanMartin, E., et al. (2014a). The effects of interset rest on adaptation to 7 weeks of explosive training in young soccer players. J. Sports Sci. Med. 13 (2), 287–296.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Burgos, C. H., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Andrade, D. C., Martínez, C., Álvarez, C., et al. (2015a). Effect of unilateral, bilateral, and combined plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance of young soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29 (5), 1317–1328. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000762

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Gallardo, F., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Meylan, C. M. P., Martínez, C., Álvarez, C., et al. (2015b). Effect of vertical, horizontal, and combined plyometric training on explosive, balance, and endurance performance of young soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29 (7), 1784–1795. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000827

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., García-de-Alcaraz, A., Chaabene, H., Moran, J., Negra, Y., and Granacher, U. (2021). Effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness in amateur and professional volleyball: A meta-analysis. Front. Physiol. 12, 636140. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.636140

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., García-Pinillos, F., García-Ramos, A., Yanci, J., Gentil, P., Chaabene, H., et al. (2018c). Effects of different plyometric training frequencies on components of physical fitness in amateur female soccer players. Front. Physiol. 9, 934. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00934

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Burgos, C., Andrade, D. C., Zapata, D., Martínez, C., et al. (2015c). Effect of progressive volume-based overload during plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance in young soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29 (7), 1884–1893. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000836

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Meylan, C., Álvarez, C., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Martínez, C., Cañas-Jamett, R., et al. (2014b). Effects of in-season low-volume high-intensity plyometric training on explosive actions and endurance of young soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28 (5), 1335–1342. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000284

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramírez-Campillo, R., Vergara-Pedreros, M., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Martínez-Salazar, C., Alvarez, C., Nakamura, F. Y., et al. (2016). Effects of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in male and female soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 34 (8), 687–693. doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1068439

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Richardson, M., Garner, P., and Donegan, S. (2019). Interpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: A tutorial. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 7 (2), 192–198. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rubley, M. D., Haase, A. C., Holcomb, W. R., Girouard, T. J., and Tandy, R. D. (2011). The effect of plyometric training on power and kicking distance in female adolescent soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25 (1), 129–134. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b94a3d

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rücker, G., Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J. R., and Schumacher, M. (2008). Undue reliance on I2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 8, 79–87. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-79

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rumpf, M. C., Cronin, J. B., Pinder, S. D., Oliver, J., and Hughes, M. (2012). Effect of different training methods on running sprint times in male youth. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 24 (2), 170–186. doi:10.1123/pes.24.2.170

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sáez de Villarreal, E., Suarez-Arrones, L., Requena, B., Haff, G. G., and Ferrete, C. (2015). Effects of plyometric and sprint training on physical and technical skill performance in adolescent soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29 (7), 1894–1903. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000838

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sedano, S., Matheu, A., Redondo, J. C., and Cuadrado, G. (2011). Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength, acceleration capacity and kicking speed in young elite soccer players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 51 (1), 50–58.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Sedano, S., Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R. M., Redondo, J. C., de Benito, A. M., and Cuadrado, G. (2009). Effects of lower-limb plyometric training on body composition, explosive strength, and kicking speed in female soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23 (6), 1714–1722. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3f537

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sedgwick, P., and Marston, L. (2015). How to read a funnel plot in a meta-analysis. BMJ 351, h47188. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4718

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sole, C. J. (2017). “Plyometric training,” in Advanced strength and conditioning. Editors A. Turner, and P. Comfort (London: Routledge), 274–290.

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tobias, A. (1999). Assessing the influence of a single study in the meta-analysis estimate. Stata Tech. Bull. 47 (8), 15–17.

Google Scholar

Vera-Assaoka, T., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Alvarez, C., Garcia-Pinillos, F., Moran, J., Gentil, P., et al. (2020). Effects of maturation on physical fitness adaptations to plyometric drop jump training in male youth soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 34 (10), 2760–2768. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003151

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, Y. C., and Zhang, N. (2016). Effects of plyometric training on soccer players. Exp. Ther. Med. 12 (2), 550–554. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3419

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Young, W. B., and Rath, D. A. (2011). Enhancing foot velocity in football kicking: The role of strength training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25 (2), 561–566. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bf42eb

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zatsiorsky, V. M., Kraemer, W. J., and Fry, A. C. (2020). Science and practice of strength training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Google Scholar

Keywords: plyometric training, soccer kicking, kicking speed, kicking distance, meta-analysis

Citation: Zhang Y, Li D, Gómez-Ruano M-Á, Memmert D, Li C and Fu M (2023) Effects of plyometric training on kicking performance in soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Physiol. 14:1072798. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1072798

Received: 17 October 2022; Accepted: 30 March 2023;
Published: 13 April 2023.

Edited by:

Henrique Pereira Neiva, University of Beira Interior, Portugal

Reviewed by:

Manolya Akın, Mersin University, Türkiye
Carlos Hernan Burgos Jara, Clínica MEDS, Chile

Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Li, Gómez-Ruano, Memmert, Li and Fu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Ming Fu, fuming@cupes.edu.cn

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.