AUTHOR=Limmer Mirjam , de Marées Markus , Roth Ralf 

TITLE=Effects of Forearm Compression Sleeves on Muscle Hemodynamics and Muscular Strength and Endurance Parameters in Sports Climbing: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.888860

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2022.888860

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Purpose:</bold> Wearing compression garments is a commonly used intervention in sports to improve performance and facilitate recovery. Some evidence supports the use of forearm compression to improve muscle tissue oxygenation and enhance sports climbing performance. However, evidence is lacking for an effect of compression garments on hand grip strength and specific sports climbing performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of forearm compression sleeves on muscular strength and endurance of finger flexor muscles in sports climbers.</p><p><bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This randomized crossover study included 24 sports climbers who performed one familiarization trial and three subsequent test trials while wearing compression forearm sleeves (COMP), non-compressive placebo forearm sleeves (PLAC), or no forearm sleeves (CON). Test trials consisted of three performance measurements (intermittent hand grip strength and endurance measurements, finger hang, and lap climbing) at intervals of at least 48 h in a randomized order. Muscle oxygenation during hand grip and finger hang measurements was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. The maximum blood lactate level, rate of perceived exertion, and forearm muscle pain were also determined directly after the lap climbing trials.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> COMP resulted in higher changes in oxy[heme] and tissue oxygen saturation (StO<sub>2</sub>) during the deoxygenation (oxy[heme]: COMP –10.7 ± 5.4, PLAC –6.7 ± 4.3, CON –6.9 ± 5.0 [μmol]; <italic>p</italic> = 0.014, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.263; StO<sub>2</sub>: COMP –4.0 ± 2.2, PLAC –3.0 ± 1.4, CON –2.8 ± 1.8 [%]; <italic>p</italic> = 0.049, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.194) and reoxygenation (oxy [heme]: COMP 10.2 ± 5.3, PLAC 6.0 ± 4.1, CON 6.3 ± 4.9 [μmol]; <italic>p</italic> = 0.011, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.274; StO<sub>2</sub>: COMP 3.5 ± 1.9, PLAC 2.4 ± 1.2, CON 2.3 ± 1.9 [%]; <italic>p</italic> = 0.028, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.225) phases of hand grip measurements, whereas total [heme] concentrations were not affected. No differences were detected between the conditions for the parameters of peak force and fatigue index in the hand grip, time to failure and hemodynamics in the finger hang, or performance-related parameters in the lap climbing measurements (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Forearm compression sleeves did not enhance hand grip strength and endurance, sports climbing performance parameters, physiological responses, or perceptual measures. However, they did result in slightly more pronounced changes of oxy [heme] and StO<sub>2</sub> in the deoxygenation and reoxygenation phases during the hand grip strength and endurance measurements.</p>