AUTHOR=da Silva Alda Cássia Alves , Severo Juliana Soares , dos Santos Brenda Lois Barros , Mendes Pedro Henrique Moraes , Nobre Lívia Maria Soares , de Oliveira Ana Patrícia , Ferreira Francisco Cleber Silva , Medeiros Jand Venes Rolim , Lima-Junior Roberto Cesar , Havt Alexandre , Palheta-Junior Raimundo Campos , dos Santos Armênio Aguiar , Tolentino Moisés 

TITLE=Moderate Physical Exercise Activates ATR2 Receptors, Improving Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Duodenum of 2K1C Hypertensive Rats

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.734038

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2021.734038

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> In addition to the cardiovascular and renal systems, the gastrointestinal tract also contains angiotensin ATR<sub>1a</sub>, ATR<sub>1b</sub>, and ATR<sub>2</sub>. We previously observed that the 2Kidney-1Clip hypertension model elicits physical exercise and gastrointestinal dysmotility, which is prevented by renin-angiotensin system blockers. Here, we investigate the effect of physical exercise on inflammation, stress biomarkers, and angiotensin II receptors in the duodenum of 2K1C rats.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> Arterial hypertension was induced by the 2K1C surgical model. The rats were allocated in Sham, 2K1C, or 2K1C+Exercise groups. One week after surgery, they were submitted to a physical exercise protocol (running 5x/week, 60min/day). Next, we assessed their intestinal contractility, cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), oxidative stress levels (MPO, GSH, MDA, and SOD), and the gene expression of angiotensin receptors (ATR<sub>1A</sub>, ATR<sub>1B</sub>, and ATR<sub>2</sub>).</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C arterial hypertension decreased (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) the intestinal contractility. In comparison with 2K1C, the 2K1C+Exercise group exhibited lower (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) MPO activity (22.04±5.90 vs. 78.95±18.09 UMPO/mg tissue) and higher (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) GSH concentrations in intestinal tissues (67.63±7.85 vs. 31.85±5.90mg NPSH/mg tissue). The 2K1C+Exercise group showed lower (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) cytokine levels in the intestine than 2K1C rats. In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C+Exercise rats showed higher (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) gene expression of ATR<sub>2</sub> in the duodenum.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> 2K-1C hypertension elicits an oxidative stress and inflammation process in the duodenum. Physical exercise modulates the expression twice as much of ATR2 receptors, suggesting possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects induced by exercise.</p>