AUTHOR=Chonat Satheesh , Risinger Mary , Sakthivel Haripriya , Niss Omar , Rothman Jennifer A. , Hsieh Loan , Chou Stella T. , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Khandros Eugene , Gorman Matthew F. , Wells Donald T. , Maghathe Tamara , Dagaonkar Neha , Seu Katie G. , Zhang Kejian , Zhang Wenying , Kalfa Theodosia A. 

TITLE=The Spectrum of SPTA1-Associated Hereditary Spherocytosis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00815

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2019.00815

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=<p>Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorder causing hereditary hemolytic anemia. Patients with HS have defects in the genes coding for ankyrin (<italic>ANK1</italic>), band 3 (<italic>SLC4A1</italic>), protein 4.2 (<italic>EPB42</italic>), and α (<italic>SPTA1</italic>) or β-spectrin (<italic>SPTB</italic>). Severe recessive HS is most commonly due to biallelic <italic>SPTA1</italic> mutations. α-spectrin is produced in excess in normal erythroid cells, therefore <italic>SPTA1</italic>-associated HS ensues with mutations causing significant decrease of normal protein expression from both alleles. In this study, we systematically compared genetic, rheological, and protein expression data to the varying clinical presentation in eleven patients with <italic>SPTA1</italic>-associated HS. The phenotype of HS in this group of patients ranged from moderately severe to severe transfusion-dependent anemia and up to <italic>hydrops fetalis</italic> which is typically fatal if transfusions are not initiated before term delivery. The pathogenicity of the mutations could be corroborated by reduced <italic>SPTA1</italic> mRNA expression in the patients’ reticulocytes. The disease severity correlated to the level of α-spectrin protein in their RBC cytoskeleton but was also affected by other factors. Patients carrying the low expression α<sup>LEPRA</sup> allele <italic>in trans</italic> to a null <italic>SPTA1</italic> mutation were not all transfusion dependent and their anemia improved or resolved with partial or total splenectomy, respectively. In contrast, patients with near-complete or complete α-spectrin deficiency have a history of having been salvaged from fatal <italic>hydrops fetalis</italic>, either because they were born prematurely and started transfusions early or because they had intrauterine transfusions. They have suboptimal reticulocytosis or reticulocytopenia and remain transfusion dependent even after splenectomy; these patients require either lifetime transfusions and iron chelation or stem cell transplant. Comprehensive genetic and phenotypic evaluation is critical to provide accurate diagnosis in patients with <italic>SPTA1</italic>-associated HS and guide toward appropriate management.</p>