AUTHOR=Palstra Arjan P. , Mes Daan , Kusters Kasper , Roques Jonathan A. C. , Flik Gert , Kloet Kees , Blonk Robbert J. W. TITLE=Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology VOLUME=5 YEAR=2015 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00506 DOI=10.3389/fphys.2014.00506 ISSN=1664-042X ABSTRACT=

Swimming exercise at optimal speed may optimize growth performance of yellowtail kingfish in a recirculating aquaculture system. Therefore, optimal swimming speeds (U_opt in m s⁻¹ or body lengths s⁻¹, BL s⁻¹) were assessed and then applied to determine the effects of long-term forced and sustained swimming at U_opt on growth performance of juvenile yellowtail kingfish. U_opt was quantified in Blazka-type swim-tunnels for 145, 206, and 311 mm juveniles resulting in values of: (1) 0.70 m s⁻¹ or 4.83 BL s⁻¹, (2) 0.82 m s⁻¹ or 3.25 BL s⁻¹, and (3) 0.85 m s⁻¹ or 2.73 BL s⁻¹. Combined with literature data from larger fish, a relation of U_opt (BL s⁻¹) = 234.07(BL)^−0.779 (R² = 0.9909) was established for this species. Yellowtail kingfish, either forced to perform sustained swimming exercise at an optimal speed of 2.46 BL s⁻¹ (“swimmers”) or allowed to perform spontaneous activity at low water flow (“resters”) in a newly designed 3600 L oval flume (with flow created by an impeller driven by an electric motor), were then compared. At the start of the experiment, ten fish were sampled representing the initial condition. After 18 days, swimmers (n = 23) showed a 92% greater increase in BL and 46% greater increase in BW as compared to resters (n = 23). As both groups were fed equal rations, feed conversion ratio (FCR) for swimmers was 1.21 vs. 1.74 for resters. Doppler ultrasound imaging showed a statistically significant higher blood flow (31%) in the ventral aorta of swimmers vs. resters (44 ± 3 vs. 34 ± 3 mL min⁻¹, respectively, under anesthesia). Thus, growth performance can be rapidly improved by optimal swimming, without larger feed investments.