95% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or good
Learn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish.
Find out more
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Phys.
Sec. Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fphy.2025.1538443
Analysis of expected value of connectivity indices of random 2 T 2 kink chains
Provisionally accepted- 1 Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- 2 King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
- 3 Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
In this work, we calculated the product connectivity index of three structures for the T2-type twistsand formulated expressions of expected values of the forgotten index, atom bond connectivity index, sumconnectivity index, product connectivity index and geometric arithmetic index of these random structuresin the (´ η −2) stage. In addition, we calculated the expected values numerically, graphically and analyticallyand found the topological indices that have the maximum and minimum value.
Keywords: Kink chains, Connectivity indices, T 2 -type, expected values, Random structures, 2022 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 05C12, 05C90
Received: 02 Dec 2024; Accepted: 18 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Wang, Razzaque, Khalil, Kanwal, Noor and Nazir. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Asima Razzaque, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Salma Kanwal, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.