AUTHOR=Xu Juan , Li Xi , Han Yunguang , Zhou Yuqian , Liu Zhihao , Zhang Zhengye , Song Yinxiu TITLE=Quantitative security analysis of three-level unitary operations in quantum secret sharing without entanglement JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics VOLUME=11 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2023.1213153 DOI=10.3389/fphy.2023.1213153 ISSN=2296-424X ABSTRACT=

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols without entanglement have showed high security by virtue of the characteristics of quantum mechanics. However, it is still a challenge to compare the security of such protocols depending on quantitative security analysis. Based on our previous security analysis work on protocols using single qubits and two-level unitary operations, QSS protocols with single qutrits and three-level unitary operations are considered in this paper. Under the Bell-state attack we propose, the quantitative security analyses according to different three-level unitary operations are provided respectively in the one-step and two-step situations. Finally, important conclusions are drawn for designing and implementing such QSS protocols. The method and results may also contribute to analyze the security of other high-level quantum cryptography schemes based on unitary operations.