AUTHOR=Swami D. K. , Kumar Sarvesh , Singh Balwinder , Karn R. K. 

TITLE=Exploring the influence of target atomic number (Z2) on mean equilibrium charge state (q¯: A comprehensive study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2023.1145632

DOI=10.3389/fphy.2023.1145632

ISSN=2296-424X

ABSTRACT=<p>We have investigated the effect of the target atomic number Z<sub>2</sub> on the mean charge state (<inline-formula id="inf4"><mml:math id="m4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open="" close=")" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> using various model predictions such as the Shima–Ishihara –Mikumo, Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark, Schiwietz, Schiwietz–Grande , Fermi-gas-models and theoretical codes with experimental data available in the literature. This investigation makes it possible to determine the best-fit model to calculate <inline-formula id="inf5"><mml:math id="m5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. In this work, we discuss the post-collision charge state distribution in different targets used as thin films and projectile beams (F<sup>q+</sup>, Si<sup>q+</sup>, Cl<sup>q+</sup>, and Cu<sup>q+</sup>) with different charge states (available in literature). A detailed overview of such collision experiments has been explored over a wide energy range of 1.07–3.93 MeV/u. In this contribution, an overview of the mean charge state dependence on the Fermi velocity of target materials is provided. Finally, the influence of the non-radiative electron capture at the target exit surface on the projectile charge state distribution for fast projectiles in different targets is shown, and a comparison is made with experimental data.</p>