AUTHOR=Liu Yue , Liu Fang , Luo Wanbo , Wu Aoyun , Li Hui 

TITLE=AC power analysis for second-order memory elements

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2023.1135739

DOI=10.3389/fphy.2023.1135739

ISSN=2296-424X

ABSTRACT=<p>As the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, apparent power (<italic>S</italic>) is of paramount necessity and importance in electrical utilities, electronics, communication, and neural network systems. Based on the existing AC power analysis on the two-terminal passive elements (i.e., <italic>R</italic>, <italic>L</italic>, and <italic>C</italic>), some in-depth research on AC apparent power calculations for second-order memory elements and memristive systems is introduced to help with revealing their complex and unique non-linear phenomena. This paper derives the forms of real power, reactive power, and apparent power for the proposed second-order memory elements (i.e., <italic>MR</italic>, <italic>MC</italic>, and <italic>ML</italic>) and reveals the difference between ideal memory elements and traditional passive ones (i.e., <italic>R</italic>, <italic>C</italic>, and <italic>L</italic>). For all involved memory elements, harmonic values and an extra term occur in the expression of powers to represent their memory characteristics. Especially, the real power is a function of a circuit’s dissipative elements (usually resistances <italic>R</italic>), but not exactly the memristor (<italic>MR</italic>). Then, the corresponding curves could be depicted, which demonstrate the differences between <italic>R</italic>/<italic>C</italic>/<italic>L</italic> and <italic>MR</italic>/<italic>MC</italic>/<italic>ML</italic> and verified that harmonic values existed in <italic>S</italic><sub><italic>MR</italic></sub>/<italic>S</italic><sub><italic>MC</italic></sub>/<italic>S</italic><sub><italic>ML</italic></sub>, meaning that it would perpetually supply energy when operated with an alternating current.</p>