Antonio D’Angola
Gianpiero Colonna
Elena Kustova- 1Scuola di Ingegneria SI, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- 2Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (ISTP), CNR, Bari, Italy
- 3Fluid Mechanics Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Editorial on the Research Topic
Thermal and Non-Thermal Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
One of the typical classifications of plasma systems identifies two major categories: thermal and non-thermal plasmas, in which the temperatures of the different plasma species are not the same. Thermal plasma technology has evolved over the past decades due to the increasing attention in fields such as aerospace, microelectronics, automotive, material treatment and processing, melting and welding of metals, plasma chemical synthesis, and vapor deposition, plasma and arc spraying, and waste destruction [1]. Typical atmospheric plasma devices are realized by means of arcs or radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled plasma discharges [2], where the main phenomena involved are Joule heating and thermal ionization. Modeling these phenomena requires the knowledge of thermodynamic properties and transport coefficients of plasmas [3–8], which are of relevant importance, not only in equilibrium conditions. Numerical codes reliably evaluating these data can assist the designing and optimizing the phases of plasma-based devices. Over the past decades, several numerical approaches have been developed to investigate plasma behaviors and commercial multi-purpose codes are often used due to the complexity of systems. These numerical codes are based on the fluid dynamics approach, describing realistic discharge geometries. The main drawbacks of thermal plasmas are represented by low excitation selectivity and very high gas temperatures; serious quenching requirements and electrode problems result in limited energy efficiency and applicability of thermal plasma sources. For these reasons, non-thermal plasmas such as low-pressure glow and RF, microwave discharges, dielectric barrier discharges, and laser-produced plasmas have been used due to their high selectivity in plasma chemical reactions, operating effectively at low temperatures and without quenching. More recently, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been studied for a variety of industrial [9] and medical applications [10] such as sterilization, ozone production for water purification, pollution control applications, car exhaust emission control, volatile organic compounds removal, and polymer surface treatment in order to improve properties such as wettability, printability, and adhesion.
The aim of this research topic, which contains four original contributions, is to present some innovative applications, enlarging the perspectives on thermal and non-thermal plasmas at atmospheric pressure, giving a guide on critical topics for the progress on plasma sources, diagnostic and modeling, investigating physical and chemical behavior of discharges both experimentally, theoretically and numerically and focusing attention on the industrial and medical applications.
Rigorous theoretical models represent the basis for applied studies [11, 12]. Rydalevskaya and Voroshilova propose a new form of model kinetic equations for monoatomic gas mixtures taking into account multiple ionization. The main idea is to express the equilibrium distribution function in terms of the number of the corresponding chemical element in the periodic system and the electric charge of the particle. From this can be derived the closed set of conservation equations for the momentum, energy, number, and density of nuclei of different species, and the number and density of electrons, both bound and free. The closure of governing equations is conducted using the generalized Chapman-Enskog method. The proposed model is applicable for both local equilibrium and weakly non-equilibrium flows and provides an efficient tool for the evaluation of equilibrium multiply ionized mixture composition, adiabatic index, and sound velocity.
Recently, atmospheric pressure plasma is suggested as an alternative method for cancer treatment [13]. Its action deviates from the conventional chemotherapy drugs, by generating various active species such as charged particles, UV photons, ROS, and NOX which can eradicate cancer cells. Kim et al. describe the suppression of breast cancer cell migration by using a cold atmospheric pressure helium plasma consisting of a single copper pin electrode powered by an alternating current (AC) supply at 50 kHz with a peak-to-peak voltage of 2.85 kV. Authors show experimentally that atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on an invasive breast cancer cell line alters these cells’ morphology and further suppresses migratory activity reducing the invasive nature of cancer cells and in particular cancer metastasis.
Atmospheric or high-pressure plasma devices, mainly characterized by glow discharge, inductively coupled plasma discharges, or microwave-induced plasma, have become widely used in various fields, such as for cutting, spraying, welding, evaporation of a material, etching, or for the deposition of thin layers [14]. Maharaj et al. describe the dynamic behavior of a low current atmospheric and high-pressure arc plasma discharge by comparing experimental results with those obtained with a Computational Fluid Dynamic modeling coupled with Maxwell’s equations solver. The discharge electric potential has been calculated by considering the electrical characterization of the electrodes where the plasma increasingly deviates from equilibrium conditions. These devices can be used as plasma sources for wastewater treatment producing radicals and reactive species, which have been demonstrated to rapidly and efficiently degrade many organic compounds, especially in the plasma-liquid interface.
In recent decades, one of the most important developments of laser material processing in the field of advanced production methodologies regards joining processes [15]. Coviello et al. describe the influence of the plasma properties on the keyhole geometry in laser beam welding for a deep-penetration joining processes in which high incident laser beam power densities at the workpiece surface produce inside and above the keyhole cavity a mixture of ionized metal vapors (keyhole plasma). Plasma generation implicates absorption, scattering, and refraction of laser beam rays. The authors developed a numerical model to calculate the keyhole shape taking into account the effect of plasma properties during multiple reflections inside the cavity through an iterative ray-tracing technique.
These papers have shown a variety of applications of high-pressure plasmas. In spite of the simplicity of the devices, the underlining physical-chemical phenomena are driven by the complex interplay between chemical reactions, field geometry, plasma-surface interaction, and radiation transport. In the next future, large efforts, from both theoretical and experimental research activities, will be necessary to shed light on the atmospheric and high-pressure plasma phenomena.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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References
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Keywords: kinetic equations, ionized gas mixtures, plasma discharges, laser welding, plasma properties, plasma cancer treatment
Citation: D’Angola A, Colonna G and Kustova E (2022) Editorial: Thermal and Non-Thermal Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure. Front. Phys. 10:852905. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2022.852905
Received: 11 January 2022; Accepted: 14 January 2022;
Published: 16 February 2022.
Edited and reviewed by:
Christine Charles, Australian National University, AustraliaCopyright © 2022 D’Angola, Colonna and Kustova. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Antonio D’Angola, antonio.dangola@unibas.it