AUTHOR=Rothkopf Alexander TITLE=Bayesian inference of real-time dynamics from lattice QCD JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics VOLUME=10 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.1028995 DOI=10.3389/fphy.2022.1028995 ISSN=2296-424X ABSTRACT=

The computation of dynamical properties of nuclear matter, ranging from parton distribution functions of nucleons and nuclei to transport properties in the quark-gluon plasma, constitutes a central goal of modern theoretical physics. This real-time physics often defies a perturbative treatment and the most successful strategy so far is to deploy lattice QCD simulations. These numerical computations are based on Monte-Carlo sampling and formulated in an artificial Euclidean time. Real-time physics is most conveniently formulated in terms of spectral functions, which are hidden in lattice QCD behind an ill-posed inverse problem. I will discuss state-of-the art methods in the extraction of spectral functions from lattice QCD simulations, based on Bayesian inference and emphasize the importance of prior domain knowledge, vital to regularizing the otherwise ill-posed extraction task. With Bayesian inference allowing us to make explicit the uncertainty in both observations and in our prior knowledge, a systematic estimation of the total uncertainties in the extracted spectral functions is nowadays possible. Two implementations of the Bayesian Reconstruction (BR) method for spectral function extraction, one for MAP point estimates and one based on an open access Monte-Carlo sampler are provided. I will briefly touch on the use of machine learning for spectral function reconstruction and discuss some new insight it has brought to the Bayesian community.