AUTHOR=Gajewski Jan , Garbacz Magdalena , Chang Chih-Wei , Czerska Katarzyna , Durante Marco , Krah Nils , Krzempek Katarzyna , Kopeć Renata , Lin Liyong , Mojżeszek Natalia , Patera Vincenzo , Pawlik-Niedzwiecka Monika , Rinaldi Ilaria , Rydygier Marzena , Pluta Elzbieta , Scifoni Emanuele , Skrzypek Agata , Tommasino Francesco , Schiavi Angelo , Rucinski Antoni TITLE=Commissioning of GPU–Accelerated Monte Carlo Code FRED for Clinical Applications in Proton Therapy JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics VOLUME=8 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.567300 DOI=10.3389/fphy.2020.567300 ISSN=2296-424X ABSTRACT=

We present commissioning and validation of Fred, a graphical processing unit (GPU)–accelerated Monte Carlo code, for two proton beam therapy facilities of different beam line design: CCB (Krakow, IBA) and EMORY (Atlanta, Varian). We followed clinical acceptance tests required to approve the certified treatment planning system for clinical use. We implemented an automated and efficient procedure to build a parameter library characterizing the clinical proton pencil beam. Beam energy, energy spread, lateral propagation model, and a dosimetric calibration factor were parametrized based on measurements performed during the facility start-up. The Fred beam model was validated against commissioning and supplementary measurements performed with and without range shifter. We obtained 1) submillimeter agreement of Bragg peak shapes in water and lateral beam profiles in air and slab phantoms, 2) <2% dose agreement for spread out Bragg peaks of different ranges, 3) average gamma index (2%/2 mm) passing rate of >95% for >1000 patient verification measurements using a two-dimensional array of ionization chambers, and 4) gamma index passing rate of >99% for three-dimensional dose distributions computed with Fred and measured with an array of ionization chambers behind an anthropomorphic phantom. The results of example treatment planning study on >100 patients demonstrated that Fred simulations in computed tomography enable an accurate prediction of dose distribution in patient and application of Fred as second patient quality assurance tool. Computation of a patient treatment in a CT using 104 protons per pencil beam took on average 2′30 min with a tracking rate of 2.9×105p+/s. Fred was successfully commissioned and validated against the clinical beam model, showing that it could potentially be used in clinical routine. Thanks to high computational performance due to GPU acceleration and an automated beam model implementation method, the application of Fred is now possible for research or quality assurance purposes in most of the proton facilities.