AUTHOR=Benea-Chelmus Ileana-Cristina , Tomasino Alessandro TITLE=Resolving sub-cycle signatures: A perspective on hallmarks of terahertz metrology JOURNAL=Frontiers in Photonics VOLUME=4 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/photonics/articles/10.3389/fphot.2023.1119172 DOI=10.3389/fphot.2023.1119172 ISSN=2673-6853 ABSTRACT=

Frequency up-conversion has become amongst the most prevalent techniques for detection of terahertz waves in metrology systems. State-of-the-art up-conversion techniques rely on the coherent transferring of the information encoded in all degrees of freedom of a terahertz wave to either the near-infrared or visible domain, where detectors are readily accessible. This allows for an indirect reconstruction of the terahertz wave. However, unlike most up-conversion methods employed in photonics which are concentrating on narrowband tones (at both terahertz and near-infrared frequencies), a broadband, hence temporally constrained, terahertz transient is sampled on time-scales shorter than its oscillation period. Here, femtosecond laser pules serve as temporal gates. In this perspective, we highlight several hallmarks of terahertz metrology that originate from these sub-cycle measurement capabilities and elaborate why this enables studies in fundamental and applied science, with a particular focus on novel measurement concepts in classical and quantum. We focus on so-far demonstrated detection performance in bulk non-linear crystals. Finally, we discuss current challenges and the most pressing questions ahead.