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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Pharmacol.

Sec. Translational Pharmacology

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1546456

This article is part of the Research Topic Targeting Adipose Tissue for the Treatment of Metabolic Alterations View all 5 articles

Development of an adipocyte differentiation protocol using 3T3-L1 cells for the investigation of the browning process: identification of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone as a browning reference drug

Provisionally accepted

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Obesity is a metabolic disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue (AT) and is often associated with other pathologies. AT is a lipid storage organ with endocrine functions that presents two main phenotypes: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Preadipocytes or mature white adipocyte cells can differentiate in a middle phenotype with morpho/functional characteristics between WAT and BAT, known as brown-like or beige adipose tissue (BeAT), through the browning process. Considering the interest in stimulating the browning process in metabolic disorders and the lack of clarity, evenness and reproducibility of the preclinical models, the detailed description of an adipocyte differentiation protocol and the "de novo" development of a beige adipocyte phenotype has been described. Furthermore, the most described stimuli in inducing the browning process such as PPAR-γ agonistsPPAR-γ activators (using rosiglitazone -RGZ) and βadrenergic stimulators (using isoproterenol -ISO) were evaluated in order to describe their involvement in the browning process and identify a reference compound for the induction of the "de novo" browning.Methods: Immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts (3T3-L1) cells were differentiated for up to 17 days using a differentiation medium (DM) and a maintenance medium (MM) with or without RGZ or ISO to obtain both mature white or beige adipocyte phenotype. The differentiation was evaluated by the Oil Red O (ORO) staining assay, citrate synthase activity, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) immunodetection and expression performed at different days (T0, T3, T10, and T17) after the induction of differentiation.From the results obtained RGZ induced morphology and ORO-positive lipid deposit, increased in the activity of citrate synthase enzyme and UCP-1 levels overlapping with a beige adipocyte phenotype after 17 days. ISO did not display significant effect in these experimental conditions.Conclusions: Overall, this work describes in depth the different phases of the adipocyte differentiation process by offering a detailed and reproducible "de novo" browning differentiation model. Furthermore, the efficacy of the stimulation of PPAR-γ pathway in obtaining a beige adipocyte phenotype demonstrates that RGZ can induce the browning process and elects it as a perfect reference compound for experimental procedures in this field.

    Keywords: Browning, Beige adipocyte, white adipocyte, Adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1, PPAR-γ, rosiglitazone, Isoproterenol

    Received: 16 Dec 2024; Accepted: 17 Mar 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Flori, Galgani, Bray, Ippolito, Segnani, Pellegrini, Citi, BERNARDINI, Martelli and Calderone. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Alma Martelli, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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