A review on the thnopharmacology, metabolites, pharma-cological uses, and toxicology of Ficus simplicissima Lour.

Minghui Chen ^1,2 Jiao Liu ^2,3 Sihua Zou ^1,2 Jingquan Yuan ^1,2 Jiyu Pan ^1,3 Zhenmei Lin ^1,2 Yanchun Wu ^1,2* Bei Zhou ^1,2*

• ¹ Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangx, China
• ² College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
• ³ Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China

Ficus simplicissima Lour., a member of the Moraceae family and genus Ficus, is a traditional medicinal plant with diverse metabolites. Traditionally, Ficus simplicissima Lour. has been used in Asian countries to treat various ailments including indigestion, loss of appetite, cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, excessive sweating, backache, bruises, arthritis, liver diseases, skin conditions, gynecological disorders, and pediatric illnesses. As a botanical drug with both medicinal and nutritional applications, Ficus simplicissima Lour. is an integral part of China's multi-ethnic medical system, serving as a tonic for many years. Approximately 130 chemical metabolites have been identified from Ficus simplicissima Lour. to date, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, phenol glycosides, terpenoids, sterols, quinones, and esters. The bioactive properties of Ficus simplicissima Lour. extracts include immune modulation, enhancement of digestive system function, antitussive and antiasthmatic effects, as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, hepatoprotective, anti-radiation, and antitumor activities. Toxicological assessments confirmed the safety and nontoxicity of Ficus simplicissima Lour.. A thorough review of the literature underscores the significant potential of Ficus simplicissima Lour. across multiple domains such as medicine, food, and agriculture. However, research on Ficus simplicissima Lour. remains limited, necessitating further investigation into its pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action.