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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Pharmacol.
Sec. Neuropharmacology
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1474923

Anesthetic spindles serve as EEG markers of the depth variations in anesthesia induced by multifarious general anesthetics in mouse experiments

Provisionally accepted
Ying You Ying You 1,2Hui Liu Hui Liu 2Zhanfei Yang Zhanfei Yang 2Yuxuan Chen Yuxuan Chen 2Fei Yang Fei Yang 2Tian Yu Tian Yu 1,2Yu Zhang Yu Zhang 1,2*
  • 1 Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
  • 2 Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Mice play a crucial role in studying the mechanisms of general anesthesia.However, identifying reliable EEG markers for different depths of anesthesia induced by multifarious agents remains a significant challenge. Spindle activity, typically observed during NREM sleep, reflects synchronized thalamocortical activity and is characterized by a frequency range of 7 to 15 Hz and a duration of 0.5 to 3 seconds.Similar patterns, referred to as "anesthetic spindles," are also observed in the EEG during general anesthesia. However, the variability of anesthetic spindles across different anesthetic agents and depths is not yet fully understood.Method: Mice were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine, propofol, ketamine, etomidate, isoflurane, or sevoflurane, and cortical EEG recordings were obtained. EEG signals were bandpass filtered between 0.1 and 60 Hz and analyzed using a custom MATLAB script for spindle detection. Anesthesia depth was assessed based on Guedel's modified stages of anesthesia and the presence of burst suppression in the EEG.Results: Compared to sleep spindles, anesthetic spindles induced by the different agents exhibited higher amplitudes and longer durations. Isoflurane-and sevoflurane-induced spindles varied with the depth of anesthesia. Spindles associated with etomidate were prominent during induction and light anesthesia, whereas those induced by sevoflurane and isoflurane were more dominant during deep anesthesia and emergence. Postanesthesia, spindles persisted but ceased more quickly following inhalational anesthesia.Conclusion: Anesthesia spindle waves reflect distinct changes in anesthesia depth and persist following emergence, serving as objective EEG markers for assessing both 4 4 anesthesia depth and the recovery process.

    Keywords: Mice, general anesthesia, Depth of anesthesia, EEG, Spindle activity. 5 5

    Received: 02 Aug 2024; Accepted: 25 Nov 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 You, Liu, Yang, Chen, Yang, Yu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Yu Zhang, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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