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REVIEW article

Front. Pharmacol.
Sec. Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1434181

COVID-19 vaccines: Current and future challenges Coronavirus Disease 2019 vaccination, current and future challenges

Provisionally accepted
Davood Mohammadi Davood Mohammadi 1Matin Ghasemi Matin Ghasemi 2Nahid Manouchehrian Nahid Manouchehrian 3Milad Zafarmand Milad Zafarmand 4Mitea Akbari Mitea Akbari 5Amir Bahador Boroumand Amir Bahador Boroumand 1*
  • 1 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 2 Islamic Azad University Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Mazandaran, Iran
  • 3 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Hamadan, Iran
  • 4 Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
  • 5 School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Alborz, Iran

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    As of December 2020, around 200 vaccine candidates for Coronavirus Disease 2019 are being developed. COVID-19 vaccines have been created on a number of platforms and are still being developed. Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines are among the COVID-19 vaccine modalitiesamong the COVID-19 vaccine possibilities. At this time, at least 52 candidate vaccines at least 52 candidate vaccinations are being studied. Spike protein is the primary protein that COVID-19 vaccines are targeting. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether immunizations provide fullcomplete or partialfractional protection, whether this varies with age, whether vaccinated people are protected from reoccurring diseases, and whether they need booster shots if they've already been inoculated. Despite the enormous achievement of bringing several vaccine candidates to market in less than a year, acquiring herd immunity at the national level and much more so at the global level remains a major challenge. Therefore, we gathered information on the mechanism of action of presently available COVID-19 vaccines in this review and essential data on the vaccines' advantages and downsides and their future possibilities.

    Keywords: Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19, COVID- 19, Vaccination, Vaccine, Immunity

    Received: 17 May 2024; Accepted: 18 Sep 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Mohammadi, Ghasemi, Manouchehrian, Zafarmand, Akbari and Boroumand. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Amir Bahador Boroumand, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.