AUTHOR=Kawada Kei , Ishida Tomoaki , Morisawa Shumpei , Jobu Kohei , Higashi Youichirou , Aizawa Fuka , Yagi Kenta , Izawa-Ishizawa Yuki , Niimura Takahiro , Abe Shinji , Goda Mitsuhiro , Miyamura Mitsuhiko , Ishizawa Keisuke TITLE=Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [Asteraceae] rhizome-derived exosome-like nanoparticles suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in murine microglial cells JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology VOLUME=15 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1302055 DOI=10.3389/fphar.2024.1302055 ISSN=1663-9812 ABSTRACT=Background

Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) mediate interspecies intercellular communications and modulate gene expression.

Hypothesis/Purpose

In this study, we isolated and purified ELNs from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [Asteraceae] (ALR-ELNs), a traditional natural medicine, and investigated their potential as neuroinflammatory therapeutic agents.

Methods

ALR-ELN samples were isolated and purified using differential centrifugation, and their physical features and microRNA contents were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy and RNA sequencing, respectively. BV-2 microglial murine cells and primary mouse microglial cells were cultured in vitro, and their ability to uptake ALR-ELNs was explored using fluorescence microscopy. The capacity of ALR-ELNs to modulate the anti-inflammatory responses of these cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure was assessed through mRNA and protein expression analyses.

Results

Overall, BV-2 cells were found to internalize ALR-ELNs, which comprised three microRNAs (ath-miR166f, ath-miR162a-5p, and ath-miR162b-5p) that could have anti-inflammatory activity. Pretreatment of BV-2 cells with ALR-ELN prevented the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS stimulation by significantly reducing the levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Notably, the mRNA levels of Il1b, Il6, iNos, ccl2, and cxcl10 in BV-2 cells, which increased upon LPS exposure, were significantly reduced following ALR-ELN treatment. Moreover, the mRNA levels of heme oxygenase 1, Irf7, ccl12, and Irg1 also increased significantly following ALR-ELN treatment. In addition, pretreatment of primary mouse microglial cells with ALR-ELN prevented the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS stimulation by significantly reducing the levels of nitric oxide.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that ALR-ELNs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on murine microglial cells. Further validation may prove ALR-ELNs as a promising neuroinflammatory therapeutic agent.