AUTHOR=Kuang Xiaolan , She Ganshu , Ma Ting , Cai Wanna , Zhao Jingjing , Liu Bo , Xu Fangfang 

TITLE=The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of spinosin: A mini review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.938395

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2022.938395

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p>Spinosin, a natural flavone-<italic>C</italic>-glycoside that is mainly isolated from the seeds of <italic>Ziziphus jujuba</italic> Mill<italic>.</italic> var. <italic>spinosa</italic>. It exerts the effects to ameliorate the neurological disorders, such as hypnosis effects, improvement of cognitive function, sedation effects, and anxiolytic effects, as well as anti-melanogenic effect, cardioprotective effects, and anti-cancer activity. However, the insufficient basic research, unclear mechanisms, and poor bioavailability may limit the prospects of spinosin in clinical utilization. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the latest information on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and NMR characteristic of spinosin, to evaluate its potential therapeutic for clinical application, hoping to provide some rational perspective for the innovative agent development and usage of spinosin in future.</p>