AUTHOR=DasNandy Anusree , Patil Vishal S. , Hegde Harsha V. , Harish Darasaguppe R. , Roy Subarna 

TITLE=Elucidating type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factor by promoting lipid metabolism with gymnemagenin: An in vitro and in silico approach

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.1074342

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2022.1074342

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Adipose tissue functions as a key endocrine organ which releases multiple bioactive substances and regulate obesity-linked complications. Dysregulation of adipocyte differentiation, triglyceride metabolism, adipokines production and lipid transport contributes to impaired lipid metabolism resulting in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. <italic>Gymnema sylvestre</italic> plant is frequently used in Ayurveda for treatment of diabetes and obesity. Gymnemagenin is a major bioactive compound of <italic>Gymnema sylvestre</italic>. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the role of gymnemagenin in lipid metabolism by <italic>in vitro</italic> and computational approaches.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> A panel of twelve genes viz., <italic>Fasn, Lipe, Lpl, Pparg, Plin2, Cidea, Scd1, Adipoq, Lep, Ccl2, Fabp4, and Slc2a4,</italic> essential in lipid metabolism were selected and gene expression pattern and triglyceride content were checked in adipocytes (3T3L1 cells) with/without treatment of gymnemagenin by Real time PCR and colorimetric estimation, respectively. Mode of action of gymnemagenin on Pparg and Fabp4 was accomplished by computational studies. Gene set enrichment and network pharmacology were performed by STRING and Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed by AutoDock vina by POAP pipeline. Molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA were done by Gromacs tool.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold><italic>In vitro</italic> study showed that gymnemagenin improved triglyceride metabolism by up regulating the expression of lipase genes viz., <italic>Lipe and Lpl</italic> which hydrolyse triglyceride. Gymnemagenin also up regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory gene <italic>Adipoq</italic>. Importantly, gymnemagenin treatment up regulated the expression of <italic>Pparg</italic> gene and the downstream target genes (<italic>Plin2, Cidea, and Scd1</italic>) which are associated with adipogenesis. However, gymnemagenin has no effect on expression of <italic>Fabp4</italic>, codes for a lipid transport protein. <italic>In silico</italic> study revealed that gymnemagenin targeted 12 genes were modulating 6 molecular pathways involved in diabetes and obesity. Molecular docking and dynamics revealed that gymnemagenin stably bind to active site residue of Pparg and failed to bind to Fabp4 active site compared to its standard molecules throughout 100 ns MD production run. Gymnemagenin scored binding free energy of −177.94 and −25.406 kJ/mol with Pparg and Fabp4, respectively.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Gymnemagenin improved lipid metabolism by increasing triglyceride hydrolysis (lipolysis), up regulating the crucial gene of adipogenesis and increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory adipokine proving its therapeutic importance as anti-obesity and anti-diabetic phytocompound.</p>