AUTHOR=Abdul Rahim Rohanizah , Jayusman Putri Ayu , Lim Vuanghao , Ahmad Nor Hazwani , Abdul Hamid Zuratul Ain , Mohamed Sharlina , Muhammad Norliza , Ahmad Fairus , Mokhtar Norfilza , Mohamed Norazlina , Shuid Ahmad Nazrun , Naina Mohamed Isa 

TITLE=Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Bone Anabolic Effects of Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.796509

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2021.796509

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Blainvillea acmella</italic> (L.) Philipson [Asteraceae] (<italic>B. acmella</italic>) is an important medicinal plant native to Brazil, and it is widely known as a toothache plant. A plethora of studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activities of <italic>B. acmella</italic> and few studies on the stimulatory effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion from bone cells; however, there is no study on its antioxidant and anabolic activity on bone cells. The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of aqueous and ethanol extracts of <italic>B. acmella</italic> using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LCTOFMS) along with the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum colorimetric methods. The extracts of <italic>B. acmella</italic> leaves were used to scavenge synthetic-free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The bone anabolic effects of <italic>B. acmella</italic> extracts on MC3T3-E1 cells were measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoium bromide (MTT) at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, Sirius-red and ALP at 7 and 14 days, and Alizarin Red S at 14 and 21 days. Comparatively, ethanol extract of <italic>B. acmella</italic> (<italic>Ba</italic>E) contributed higher antioxidant activities (IC<sub>50</sub> of 476.71 µg/ml and 56.01 ± 6.46 mg L-ascorbic acid/g against DPPH and FRAP, respectively). Anabolic activities in bone proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were also higher in <italic>B. acmella</italic> of ethanol (<italic>Ba</italic>E) than aqueous (<italic>Ba</italic>A) extracts. Positive correlations were observed between phenolic content (TPC and TFC) to antioxidant (ABTS and FRAP) and anabolic activities. Conversely, negative correlations were present between phenolic content to antioxidant (DPPH) activity. These potential antioxidant and bone anabolic activities in <italic>Ba</italic>E might be due to the phytochemicals confirmed through GCMS and LCTOFMS, revealed that terpenoids of α-cubebene, cryophyllene, cryophyllene oxide, phytol and flavonoids of pinostrobin and apigenin were the compounds contributing to both antioxidant and anabolic effects in <italic>Ba</italic>E. Thus, <italic>B. acmella</italic> may be a valuable antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis agent. Further study is needed to isolate, characterize and elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant and bone anabolic effects.</p>