AUTHOR=Salonurmi Tuire , Nabil Heba , Ronkainen Justiina , Hyötyläinen Tuulia , Hautajärvi Heidi , Savolainen Markku J. , Tolonen Ari , Orešič Matej , Känsäkoski Päivi , Rysä Jaana , Hakkola Jukka , Hukkanen Janne 

TITLE=4β-Hydroxycholesterol Signals From the Liver to Regulate Peripheral Cholesterol Transporters

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00361

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2020.00361

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p>Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) elevates circulating 4<italic>β</italic>-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), an agonist of liver X receptor (LXR). PXR may also regulate 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Our aim was to elucidate the roles of PXR and oxysterols in the regulation of cholesterol transporters. We measured oxysterols in serum of volunteers dosed with PXR agonist rifampicin 600 mg/day <italic>versus</italic> placebo for a week and analyzed the expression of cholesterol transporters in mononuclear cells. The effect of 4<italic>β</italic>HC on the transport of cholesterol and the expression of cholesterol transporters was studied in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages and foam cells <italic>in vitro</italic>. The expression of cholesterol transporters was measured also in rat tissues after dosing with a PXR agonist. The levels of 4<italic>β</italic>HC were elevated, while 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol remained unchanged in volunteers dosed with rifampicin. The expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was induced in human mononuclear cells <italic>in vivo</italic>. The influx of cholesterol was repressed by 4<italic>β</italic>HC, as was the expression of influx transporter lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 <italic>in vitro</italic>. The cholesterol efflux and the expression of efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 were induced. The expression of inducible degrader of the LDL receptor was induced. In rats, PXR agonist increased circulating 4<italic>β</italic>HC and expression of LXR targets in peripheral tissues, especially ABCA1 and ABCG1 in heart. In conclusion, PXR activation-elevated 4<italic>β</italic>HC is a signaling molecule that represses cholesterol influx and induces efflux. The PXR-4<italic>β</italic>HC-LXR pathway could link the hepatic xenobiotic exposure and the regulation of cholesterol transport in peripheral tissues.</p>