AUTHOR=Zhou Yu-Wen , Zhu Ya-Juan , Wang Man-Ni , Xie Yao , Chen Chao-Yue , Zhang Tao , Xia Fan , Ding Zhen-Yu , Liu Ji-Yan TITLE=Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cardiotoxicity: Current Understanding on Its Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology VOLUME=10 YEAR=2019 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.01350 DOI=10.3389/fphar.2019.01350 ISSN=1663-9812 ABSTRACT=

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, programmed cell death-1, and PD-ligand 1 have revolutionized cancer treatment, achieving unprecedented efficacy in multiple malignancies. ICIs are increasingly being used in early cancer settings and in combination with various other types of therapies, including targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, despite the excellent therapeutic effect of ICIs, these medications typically result in a broad spectrum of toxicity reactions, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Of all irAEs, cardiotoxicity, uncommon but with high mortality, has not been well recognized. Herein, based on previous published reports and current evidence, we summarize the incidence, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, treatments, and outcomes of ICI-associated cardiotoxicity and discuss possible management strategies. A better understanding of these characteristics is critical to managing patients with ICI-associated cardiotoxicity.