AUTHOR=Charest-Morin Xavier , Roy Caroline , Fortin Émile-Jacques , Bouthillier Johanne , Marceau François 

TITLE=Pharmacological evidence of bradykinin regeneration from extended sequences that behave as peptidase–activated B2 receptor agonists

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=5

YEAR=2014

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2014.00032

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2014.00032

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p>While bradykinin (BK) is known to be degraded by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), we have recently discovered that Met-Lys-BK-Ser-Ser is paradoxically activated by ACE. We designed and evaluated additional “prodrug” peptides extended around the BK sequence as potential ligands that could be locally activated by vascular or blood plasma peptidases. BK regeneration was estimated using the contractility of the human umbilical vein as model of vascular functions mediated by endogenous B<sub>2</sub> receptors (B<sub>2</sub>Rs) and the endocytosis of the fusion protein B<sub>2</sub>R-green fluorescent protein (B<sub>2</sub>R-GFP) expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells. Of three BK sequences extended by a C-terminal dipeptide, BK-His-Leu had the most desirable profile, exhibiting little direct affinity for the receptor but a significant one for ACE (as shown by competition of [<sup>3</sup>H]BK binding to B<sub>2</sub>R-GFP or of [<sup>3</sup>H]enalaprilat to recombinant ACE, respectively). The potency of the contractile effect of this analog on the vein was reduced 18-fold by the ACE inhibitor enalaprilat, pharmacologically evidencing BK regeneration <italic>in situ</italic>. BK-Arg, a potential substrate of arginine carboxypeptidases, had a low affinity for B<sub>2</sub>Rs and its potency as a contractile agent was reduced 15-fold by tissue treatment with an inhibitor of these enzymes, Plummer’s inhibitor. B<sub>2</sub>R-GFP internalization in response to 100 nM of the extended peptides recapitulated these findings, as enalaprilat selectively inhibited the effect of BK-His-Leu and Plummer’s inhibitor, that of BK-Arg. The two peptidase inhibitors did not affect BK-induced effects in either assay. The novel C-terminally extended BKs had no or very little affinity for the kinin B<sub>1</sub> receptor (competition of [<sup>3</sup>H]Lys-des-Arg<sup>9</sup>-BK binding). The feasibility of peptidase-activated B<sub>2</sub>R agonists is illustrated by C-terminal extensions of the BK sequence.</p>