AUTHOR=Amaral Leonard , Martins Ana , Spengler Gabriella , Molnar Joseph 

TITLE=Efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria: what they do, how they do it, with what and how to deal with them

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2014

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2013.00168

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2013.00168

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p>This review discusses the relationship of the efflux pump (EP) system of Gram-negative bacteria to other antibiotic resistance mechanisms of the bacterium such as quorum sensing, biofilms, two component regulons, etc. The genetic responses of a Gram-negative to an antibiotic that render it immune to an antibiotic are also discussed. Lastly, the methods that have been developed for the identification of bacteria that over-express their EP system are presented in detail. Phenothiazines are well-known antipsychotic drugs with reported activity against bacterial EPs and other ancillary antibiotic mechanisms of the organism. Therefore these compounds will also be discussed.</p>