Skip to main content

CASE REPORT article

Front. Pediatr.

Sec. Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1561600

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: Case Report and Systematic Review

Provisionally accepted
Zhu Chen Zhu Chen 1,2Yi Gao Yi Gao 3*Chaoyong Zhang Chaoyong Zhang 3Junwen Mao Junwen Mao 4
  • 1 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Chengdu Women and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
  • 2 School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
  • 3 Department of Pediatrics, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
  • 4 Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can lead to complications such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in children. The clinical features of VL overlap with that of HLH, and thus the diagnosis of VL-induced HLH can be challenging for clinicians.Methods: We describe two pediatric cases and systematically review all reported cases of pediatric VL-related HLH in literatures until May 2024.Results: The demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of our reported cases are presented. The systematic review included 29 articles with a total of 135 cases. More than half of the children (89/125, 71.2%) were under 3 years old, and 8.9% (n=12/135) had specific epidemiological histories. The main clinical presentations were hypertriglyceridemia (34/45, 75.6%), hypofibrinogenemia (24/36, 66.7%), and hyperferritinemia (95/132, 72.0%). Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) analysis indicated positive evidence of leishmania infection in 84.7% (83/98) of cases, while 37.8% (14/37) of patients tested negative for leishmania on the first BMA smear. All patients were treated against leishmania with amphotericin B (76/135, 56.3%) or antimony (77/135, 57.0%), and 13.3% (n=18/135) of patients received both medications, in which amphotericin B was used as rescue treatment. The prognosis was favorable, with the exception of two deaths.Conclusions: Vigilance towards screening for leishmania infection induced HLH is imperative, particularly when there is a suspicious epidemiological history, ineffective chemotherapy, or prior to bone marrow transplantation. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and prompt treatment initiation can significantly alter the course of the disease and favor the prognosis in childhood with HLH secondary to VL.

    Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Children, Amphotericin B, Systematic review

    Received: 16 Jan 2025; Accepted: 24 Mar 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Chen, Gao, Zhang and Mao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Yi Gao, Department of Pediatrics, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, China

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

    Research integrity at Frontiers

    Man ultramarathon runner in the mountains he trains at sunset

    95% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or good

    Learn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish.


    Find out more