Irene López-Sánchez ^1,2 Aida Perramon-Malavez ³ Antoni Soriano-Arandes ^4,5 Clara Prats ³ Talita Duarte-Salles ^1,6* Berta Raventós ^1,6 Elena Roel ^1,7

• ¹ Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
• ² Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
• ³ Department of Physics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
• ⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
• ⁵ Infection and Immunity in Paediatric Patients, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
• ⁶ Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
• ⁷ Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

This study aims to investigate the relationship between deprivation, as measured by a socioeconomic deprivation index (SDI) score for census tract urban areas, and COVID-19 infections and vaccine uptake among children and adolescents before and after the vaccination rollout in Catalonia, Spain.We conducted a population-based cohort study using primary care records. Individuals were followed 3 months before the start of the vaccination campaign in Spain and 3 months after. Children (5-11 years) and adolescents (12-15 years) with at least 1 year of prior history observation available and without missing deprivation data. For each outcome, we estimated cumulative incidence and crude Cox proportional-hazard models by SDI quintiles, and hazard ratios (HRs) of COVID-19 infection and vaccine uptake relative to the least deprived quintile, Q1.Before COVID-19 vaccination rollout, 290,625 children and 179,685 adolescents were analyzed. Increased HR of deprivation was associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection in both children (Q5: 1.55 [95% CI, 1.47 -1.63]) and adolescents (Q5: 1.36 [95% CI, 1.29 -1.43]). After the rollout, this pattern changed among children, with lower risk of infection in more deprived areas (Q5: 0.62 [95% CI, 0.61 -0.64]). Vaccine uptake was higher among adolescents than children, but in both age groups, non-vaccination was more common among those living in more deprived areas (39.3% and 74.6% in Q1 vs. 26.5% and 66.9% in Q5 among children and adolescents, respectively).Children and adolescents living in deprived areas were at higher risk of COVID-19 non-vaccination. Socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 infection were also evident before vaccine rollout, with a higher infection risk in deprived areas across age groups. Our findings suggest that changes in the association between deprivation and infections among children after the vaccine rollout were likely due to testing disparities. Con formato: Español (España) Con formato: Español (España) Con formato: Español (España) Con formato: Español (España) Con formato: Español (España) Con formato: Español (España)