AUTHOR=Esaiassen Eirin , Hjerde Erik , Cavanagh Jorunn Pauline , Pedersen Tanja , Andresen Jannicke H. , Rettedal Siren I. , Støen Ragnhild , Nakstad Britt , Willassen Nils P. , Klingenberg Claus 

TITLE=Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota and Antibiotic Resistome Development in Preterm Infants

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pediatrics

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00347

DOI=10.3389/fped.2018.00347

ISSN=2296-2360

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Objectives:</bold> In 2014 probiotic supplementation (<italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic> and <italic>Bifidobacterium longum</italic> subspecies <italic>infantis;</italic> Infloran<sup>Ⓡ</sup>) was introduced as standard of care to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in extremely preterm infants in Norway. We aimed to evaluate the influence of probiotics and antibiotic therapy on the developing gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome in extremely preterm infants, and to compare with very preterm infants and term infants not given probiotics.</p><p><bold>Study design:</bold> A prospective, observational multicenter study in six tertiary-care neonatal units. We enrolled 76 infants; 31 probiotic-supplemented extremely preterm infants &lt;28 weeks gestation, 35 very preterm infants 28–31 weeks gestation not given probiotics and 10 healthy full-term control infants. Taxonomic composition and collection of antibiotic resistance genes (resistome) in fecal samples, collected at 7 and 28 days and 4 months age, were analyzed using shotgun-metagenome sequencing.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Median (IQR) birth weight was 835 (680–945) g and 1,290 (1,150–1,445) g in preterm infants exposed and not exposed to probiotics, respectively. Two extremely preterm infants receiving probiotic developed NEC requiring surgery. At 7 days of age we found higher median relative abundance of <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> in probiotic supplemented infants (64.7%) compared to non-supplemented preterm infants (0.0%) and term control infants (43.9%). <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> was only detected in small amounts in all groups, but the relative abundance increased up to 4 months. Extremely preterm infants receiving probiotics had also much higher antibiotic exposure, still overall microbial diversity and resistome was not different than in more mature infants at 4 weeks and 4 months.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Probiotic supplementation may induce colonization resistance and alleviate harmful effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome.</p><p><bold>Clinical Trial Registration:</bold> Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02197468. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02197468" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02197468</ext-link></p>