Skip to main content

OPINION article

Front. Pain Res., 20 February 2023
Sec. Neuropathic Pain
This article is part of the Research Topic Women in Science: Neuropathic Pain View all 5 articles

Neurogenic rosacea could be a small fiber neuropathy

\r\nMin LiMin LiMeng TaoMeng TaoYue ZhangYue ZhangRuoxin PanRuoxin PanDuoduo GuDuoduo GuYang Xu
\r\nYang Xu*
  • Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a peripheral neuropathy of the small myelinated Aδ fibers and unmyelinated C-fibers, affecting not only pain and temperature sensation but also autonomic system function. There are various SFN clinical manifestations, the most common being pain, dysesthesia, and dysautonomia. In recent literature, pruritus occurred in 68.3% of patients with SFN (1). Moreover, SFN is associated with a number of underlying diseases including metabolic, toxic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, but remain idiopathic in approximately 40% of cases (2). The exact pathophysiological mechanism of SFN is complex. In the case of autoimmune etiology, damage to thin Aδ and C-fibers may be cytokine-mediated via tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-8 (3).

Diagnostic tools for SFN detection include skin biopsy with intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), quantitative sensory testing (QST), quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing, corneal confocal microscopy, electromyography, and nerve-conduction studies that quantify and assess small nerve fiber function (4). SFN diagnosis is determined primarily by history and physical examination; however, functional neurophysiologic testing and skin biopsy evaluation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density can further confirm diagnosis.

Pain is a common and crucial SFN manifestation; thus, therapy is based on the underlying cause and pain management. Several classes of medications are commonly used, including antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids, and topical treatments. In previous studies, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and anticonvulsants such as gabapentin and pregabalin, were routinely recommended for neuropathic pain treatment (4).

Rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin condition, primarily manifests as recurrent flushing and erythema in the central facial area. Rosacea can be divided into four subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Neurogenic rosacea (NR), a new variant suggested by Scharschmidt in 2011, is characterized by facial burning, stinging, and dysesthesia disproportionate to flushing, which manifested as more severe neurogenic inflammation and recalcitrant to traditional therapy (5). The disease severity of NR especially can be evaluated by QST, part of SFN's diagnostic criteria, is rare used in diagnosis of rosacea (6).

Innate immune system and neurovascular dysregulation play major roles in neurogenic rosacea pathophysiology. TNF-α expression, a known mediator of mast cell degranulation and vasodilation, is upregulated in patients with rosacea, promoting release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and IL-8 (7). Neurogenic inflammation is mediated by release of neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related protein (8). Furthermore, increased skin sensitivity in patients with rosacea is caused by neurogenic inflammation. Sensitive skin syndrome is also considered a type of SFN (9). Compared to healthy controls, patients with rosacea had higher scores of subjective burning sensations. In contrast, heat–pain thresholds measured by QST were significantly decreased, suggesting C-fiber neurovascular dysfunction (10). Additionally, positive correlation between heat–pain thresholds and clinical severity links rosacea to the SFN spectrum. SFN is also reported to be associated with voltage-gated sodium channel gene variants (11). Abnormal expression of Nav1.8 sodium channel in peripheral nerve axons contributes to hyperpathia in the skin. Regarding rosacea, Nav1.8 expression was significantly upregulated in the epidermis (12). Such findings may represent a potential therapeutic target. IENFD can be measured by immunostaining protein product (PGP9.5); reduction in PGP9.5-positive nerve fibers indicates Aδ, and C-fiber populations are altered. A pathoetiological study has found that the number of immunoreactive fibers in the epidermis of patients with rosacea decreased after laser therapy, which may serve as a contributing neurogenic component to the stinging condition (13). Thus, we hypothesize that PGP9.5-positive nerve fibers may decrease in the complex pathophysiological process of NR, which needs to be further confirmed by direct evidence in the future.

A study conducted in France revealed pruritus as one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with SFN. Sensory symptoms of SFN are often described as length-dependent and stocking-glove distribution; however, non-length-dependent distribution also occurs, frequently involving head-related areas (1). Coincidentally, a considerable proportion of patients with rosacea are accompanied by facial itching sensation, which has an adverse impact on their quality of life (14). Heat and stress, considered to be the most common factors aggravating rosacea, can also worsen pruritus in SFN.

Patients with rosacea frequently present with gastrointestinal symptoms. A nationwide cohort study of the Danish population revealed rosacea is significantly associated with gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease; although specific underlying mechanisms remain unclear (15). Patients with SFNs experience gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to C-fiber involvement in the smooth gastrointestinal tract (4). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the same pathological process occurs in rosacea. Moreover, cardiac arrhythmias, photophobia, and other symptoms of dysautonomia are observed, which require more attention.

Neurogenic rosacea generally does not respond well to traditional therapy. However, drugs used to treat SFN, such as TCAs, pregabalin, gabapentin, and duloxetine, are effective in treating neurogenic rosacea (16). Furthermore, pulsed dye lasers and endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy have been used to control facial flushing (17).

Notably, there is a lack of case–control studies comparing IENFD in patients with NR to healthy controls, probably for the reason that only a small proportion of rosacea might be NR and also patients tend to refuse the invasive skin biopsy from facial skin for aesthetic reasons. Therefore, more clinical exploration is required. IENFD varies with body regions, suggesting that SFN criteria, such as skin biopsy from the lower leg, is not applicable for facial NR. Nevertheless, NR and SFN have similarity in the pathogenesis, manifestations, complications, and treatment strategies (Table 1).

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Common characteristics between small fiber neuropathy and neurogenic rosacea.

In conclusion, neurogenic rosacea could be a particular phenotype of SFN that involves facial skin. The current SFN diagnostic criteria are far from perfect, and more attention is required for facial manifestations.

Author contributions

ML conducted the majority of the literature search and wrote the initial manuscript draft. MT, YZ, RP and DG retrieved publications for analysis and revised the manuscript. YX conceived the initial manuscript idea and wrote the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

1. Brenaut E, Marcorelles P, Genestet S, Ménard D, Misery L. Pruritus: an underrecognized symptom of small-fiber neuropathies. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2015) 72(2):328–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.034

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Bucher F, Schneider C, Blau T, Cursiefen C, Fink GR, Lehmann HC, et al. Small-fiber neuropathy is associated with corneal nerve and dendritic cell alterations: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Cornea. (2015) 34:1114–9. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000535

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Small-fibre neuropathies–advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol. (2012) 8:369–79. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.97

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Sène D. Small fiber neuropathy: diagnosis, causes, and treatment. Joint Bone Spine. (2018) 85:553–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.11.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Scharschmidt TC, Yost JM, Truong SV, Steinhoff M, Wang KC, Berger TG. Neurogenic rosacea: a distinct clinical subtype requiring a modified approach to treatment. Arch Dermatol. (2011) 147:123–6. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.413

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Wienholtz NKF, Thyssen JP, Christensen CE, Thomsen SF, Karmisholt KE, Jemec GBE, et al. Validity and reliability of the Rosacea Area and Severity Index: a novel scoring system for clinical assessment of rosacea severity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2022). [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18721

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M. Recent advances in understanding and managing rosacea. F1000Res. (2018) 7:1885. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.16537.1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Choi JE, Di Nardo A. Skin neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol. (2018) 40:249–59. doi: 10.1007/s00281-018-0675-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Huet F, Dion A, Batardière A, Nedelec AS, Le Caër F, Bourgeois P, et al. Sensitive skin can be small fibre neuropathy: results from a case-control quantitative sensory testing study. Br J Dermatol. (2018) 179:1157–62. doi: 10.1111/bjd.17082

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Guzman-Sanchez DA, Ishiuji Y, Patel T, Fountain J, Chan YH, Yosipovitch G. Enhanced skin blood flow and sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli in papulopustular rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2007) 57:800–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.009

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. de Greef BTA, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Gorissen-Brouwers CML, Geerts M, Faber CG, Merkies ISJ. Associated conditions in small fiber neuropathy—a large cohort study and review of the literature. Eur J Neurol. (2018) 25(2):348–55. doi: 10.1111/ene.13508

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Yuan X, Wang Y, Deng Q, et al. Nav1.8 in keratinocytes contributes to ROS-mediated inflammation in inflammatory skin diseases. Redox Biol. (2022) 55:102427. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102427

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Lonne-Rahm S, Nordlind K, Edström DW, Ros AM, Berg M. Laser treatment of rosacea: a pathoetiological study. Arch Dermatol. (2004) 140:1345–9. doi: 10.1001/archderm.140.11.1345

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Oussedik E, Bourcier M, Tan J. Psychosocial burden and other impacts of rosacea on patients’ quality of life. Dermatol Clin. (2018) 36(2):103–13. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2017.11.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Egeberg A, Weinstock LB, Thyssen EP, Gislason GH, Thyssen JP. Rosacea and gastrointestinal disorders: a population-based cohort study. Br J Dermatol. (2017) 176:100–6. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14930

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Kim HO, Kang SY, Kim KE, Cho SY, Kim KH, Kim IH. Neurogenic rosacea in Korea. J Dermatol. (2021) 48:49–55. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.15629

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Schram AM, James WD. Neurogenic rosacea treated with endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. Arch Dermatol. (2012) 148:270–1. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.2615

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: dysesthesia, neurogenic rosacea, small fiber neuropathy, diagnostic criteria, treatment

Citation: Li M, Tao M, Zhang Y, Pan R, Gu D and Xu Y (2023) Neurogenic rosacea could be a small fiber neuropathy. Front. Pain Res. 4:1122134. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1122134

Received: 12 December 2022; Accepted: 1 February 2023;
Published: 20 February 2023.

Edited by:

Ruslan Dorfman, GeneYouIn (GYI), Canada

Reviewed by:

Mathias Sulk, University Hospital Münster, Germany

© 2023 Li, Tao, Zhang, Pan, Gu and Xu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Yang Xu yangxu@njmu.edu.cn

Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Neuropathic Pain, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pain Research

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.