Aberrant expression of multiple -glutamyltransferases is associated with tumor progression and patient outcome in prostate cancers

Wencong Jiang ¹ WANG LIU ² Jiang Zhao ³ Zhijian Xu ³ Ming Xi ¹ Xiangwei Wang ³ Benyi Li ^2*

• ¹ Department of Urology, Huadu District People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
• ² University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
• ³ Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China

The human gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a membrane-bound extracellular glycoprotein with an enzymatic activity that cleaves gamma-glutamyl peptide bonds in glutathione and other peptides and transfers the gamma-glutamyl moiety to acceptors. It has been shown aberrant expression of GGT proteins in human cancers while their expression profiles in prostate cancers are not reported. In this study, we analyzed the expression profiles of all proteincoding GGT genes using the TCGA-PRAD RNA-seq dataset derived from primary prostate cancers. Our results showed that prostate tissues expressed four major isoforms of GGT family genes (GGT1/5/6/7), of which GGT1 expression was upregulated but GGT6/GGT7 expression was downregulated in cancer tissues compared to benign tissues. However, GGT5 expression was increased along with tumor stage progression and associated with worse progression-free survival. GGT6 expression exhibited a superb AUC value in prostate cancer diagnosis and was associated with favorable progression-free survival. GGT1 expression was highly increased but GGT6/GGT7 expression was largely reduced in ERG-fusion-positive cases. In CRPC tumors, GGT6 expression was suppressed in patients with anti-AR therapies, which was reversed when patients were taken off the treatment. This AR-dependent modulation was confirmed in LNCaP cells and LuCaP35 xenograft models. In addition, compared to CRPC-Adeno tumors, treatmentinduced NEPC tumors showed a reduced GGT1 but an elevated GGT7 level, which was in line with higher levels of GGT7 in NEPC H660 cells. Our data suggests that GGT6 is a new AR downstream target but GGT7 is a potential NEPC biomarker.