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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Oncol.
Sec. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1497637

Emerging Drivers of Female Bladder Cancer: A Pathway to Precision Prevention and Treatment

Provisionally accepted
Jianbin Zhang Jianbin Zhang Haixia Jia Haixia Jia Hui Han Hui Han *
  • Urological Department, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Bladder cancer is a public health concern, with smoking and occupational exposure being major risk factors. However, specific risks in women, particularly hormonal, lifestyle, and environmental factors, are underexplored. This study aimed to assess these risk factors in women, focusing on smoking, occupational exposure, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, and family history of cancer.This retrospective cohort study included 850 women diagnosed with bladder cancer (2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023) and age-matched controls. Data on smoking, occupational exposure, UTIs, BMI, menopausal status, and family history were collected from medical records: multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching identified independent risk factors. Subgroup analysis explored interactions between menopausal status and other factors.Smoking (OR = 2.15, p = 0.002), occupational exposure (OR = 1.89, p = 0.007), and recurrent UTIs (OR = 1.72, p = 0.013) were significant risk factors, particularly in post-menopausal women. Menopausal status amplified the effects of smoking and UTIs but was not an independent predictor. BMI and family history showed no significant associations.Smoking, occupational exposure, and recurrent UTIs are key risk factors for bladder cancer in women, especially post-menopausal women, highlighting the need for targeted prevention strategies.

    Keywords: Bladder cancer, Women, Treatment, Occupational Exposure, Recurrent UTIs, Menopausal status, BMI, Risk factors

    Received: 17 Sep 2024; Accepted: 23 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Jia and Han. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Hui Han, Urological Department, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China

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