Alessandro Martinino1
Angela Bucaro2
Francesca Cardella3
Ishaan Wazir4
Francesco Frongillo2Francesco Ardito5
Francesco Giovinazzo2*- 1Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- 2General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- 3Surgical Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tract Unit, Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
- 4Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
- 5Hepatobilairy and General Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Background: HCC is a major global health concern, necessitating effective treatment strategies. This study conducts a meta-analysis of meta-analyses comparing liver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT) for HCC.
Methods: The systematic review included meta-analyses comparing liver resection vs. liver transplantation in HCC, following PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcomes included 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). AMSTAR-2 assessed study quality. Citation matrix and hierarchical clustering validated the consistency of the included studies.
Results: A search identified 10 meta-analyses for inclusion. The median Pearson correlation coefficient for citations was 0.59 (IQR 0.41-0.65). LT showed better 5-year survival and disease-free survival in all HCC (OR): 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67-0.93, I^2:57% and OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.25-0.75, I^2:96%). Five-year survival in early HCC and ITT was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78, I^2:0%) and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.39-0.92, I^2:0%). Salvage LT vs. Primary LT did not differ between 5-year survival and disease-free survival (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.33-1.15, I^2:0% and 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82-1.04, I^2:0%).
Conclusion: Overall, the study underscores the superior survival outcomes associated with LT over LR in HCC treatment, supported by comprehensive meta-analysis and clustering analysis. There was no difference in survival or recurrence rate between salvage LT and primary LT. Therefore, considering the organ shortage, HCC can be resected and transplanted in case of recurrence.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with 782000 cases diagnosed and 746 000 deaths in 2012 and an age-adjusted worldwide incidence of 10·1 cases per 100 000 person-years (1), is the sixth most common cancer and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world (1, 2).
HCC usually develops in the setting of chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, infections like hepatitis B or C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or alcohol-related liver disease (1–3). Most HCCs (80%) occur in sub-Saharan Africa and eastern Asia, where the main risk factors are chronic hepatitis B and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Instead, in the USA, Europe, and Japan, hepatitis C is the leading risk factor, together with excessive alcohol intake (1, 4, 5).
The management of HCC depends on several factors, including the size and number of tumours, the underlying liver function, and the patient’s overall health status (6, 7). Liver resection (LR) and transplantation (LT) are the most effective curative treatments for HCC, with promising outcomes in survival and disease-free survival (DFS) (1, 8–10). In patients without clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), compensated liver function, and early HCC stages, LR achieves 70% 5-year survival in HCC. However, the survival rate decreases by 50% when those adverse factors are present (1). On the other hand, 5-year survival in HCC after LT is more than 70% with a recurrence rate of less than 10–15% (1) (11). However, the choice of the two treatments is also limited by the availability of donor organs. Therefore, choosing between LT and LR for HCC in several cases is still controversial (7, 10).
As robust evidence is missing with contrasting results, the objective of the present study was to perform a survival meta-analysis of meta-analyses to compare LT and LR in HCC. The primary outcomes were 5-year overall and disease-free survival after the two different types of treatment.
Methods
The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
A computerised search of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library was carried out. Reference lists of all obtained and relevant articles were screened manually and cross-referenced to identify any additional studies. Articles published from the time of inception to June 2023 were included. An advanced search was performed using the following terms: [(transplant) OR (transplantation)] AND (hepatocellular) OR (HCC) OR (liver cancer).
Outcomes of interest
The primary outcomes were 5-year graft overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in liver resection vs. liver transplantation in all HCCs. The secondary outcomes were OS and DSF in early HCC, Intention to treat, and salvage liver transplantation for HCC.
Inclusion criteria
The systematic review included meta-analyses comparing liver resection vs. liver transplantation in HCC and reporting the primary and secondary outcomes. Abstracts, letters, comments, editorials and expert opinions, unpublished articles and abstracts, reviews without original data, and case reports were excluded from the analysis. Studies were included only when reporting the number or the rate of events (deaths or recurrences). Two reviewers (AM and IW) independently screened the titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles. The full texts of articles that could fulfil the inclusion criteria were obtained and checked for eligibility.
Internal validity (methodological quality)
The internal validity of the meta-analyses was assessed by the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) method. AMSTAR is a standardised and reliable method for assessing the quality of systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. FG and FC completed the AMSTAR proforma for all included reviews, and discrepancies were discussed to reach a consensus. Studies were, finally, classified on the level of quality through the online tool calculator (12).
Cytation matrix and dendrogram analysis
A sample citation matrix was created by measuring the primary overlap of every included study (Supplementary Table 1), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. r was visualised through a heatmap. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the r was visualised through a dendrogram clusterisation and a silhouette analysis used to identify the number of clusters (13).
Data analysis
The results of the meta-analyses were combined using a summary meta-analysis model for odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals.
The fixed-effect method was used to combine the results without statistically significant heterogeneity. The random-effect method was used when heterogeneity was confirmed (p ≤0·10). Potential publication bias was investigated by funnel plot. Egger’s and Begger’s tests were used to assess funnel plot asymmetry and biases [12], and Makaskill’s test was used to quantify the bias (14). P <0·05 (two-tailed) was considered to indicate statistical significance [13]. Trim-and-fill method was used to adjust for the publication biases.
The meta-analysis of meta-analyses and hierarchical analysis was performed using the R software suite (v3.4.0, https://www.R-project.org). Statistical heterogeneity between metanalysis was evaluated by χ2 and I2, with significance set at p ≤0,10 (14–16).
Results
Literature search
The PRISMA flow diagram reports the number of studies screened, assessed, and excluded (Figure 1). 19 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 10 meta-analyses comparing an overall 105 studies were included in the umbrella review (11, 17–25). The characteristics of the included meta-analyses are shown in Table 1.
Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram.
Table 1 Included studies.
Quality assessment
Authors of five of the eight meta-analyses cited the previously published meta-analyses, and only one study had no prior studies available to cite (Table 2). Every included study used Medline/PubMed as part of the literature search, and nine studies also used Embase (Table 3). There was variation in the utilisation of other databases, but every study (excluding two) used at least two electronic databases. According to the AMSTAR quality assessment, four studies rated low quality and six critically low quality (Table 4). The median Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.59 (IQR 0.41-0.65) for all the included studies (Figure 2A). Hierarchical clustering of the r identified 3 clusters after silhouette analysis (Cluster Sizes and Average Silhouette Widths: Cluster 1 (26 data points): Average Silhouette Width of 0.443; Cluster 2 (62 data points): Average Silhouette Width of 0.724; Cluster 3 (12 data points): Average Silhouette Width of 0.909); (Median: 0.7341 IQR: 0.5543- 0.8369; Mean: 0.6731 Range 0.1244-0.9534. (Figure 2B).
Table 2 Number of meta-analyses.
Table 3 Search methodology.
Table 4 Amstar 2 evaluation.
Figure 2 (A) Cluster Dendrogram. (B) Silhouette Plot of Cluster Assignments.
Primary outcome
5 years overall survival
LT showed better 5-year survival in all HCC (Odd Ratio (OR): 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67-0.93, I^2:57%), (Figure 3A), Egger’s test showed a significant funnel plot asymmetry (t = -2.62, df = 5, p = 0.0468). Begg’s test did not find funnel plot asymmetry (z = -1.05, p = 0.2931) (Figure 3B). After the 5-year survival Trim-and-fill method, both Egger’s and Begg’s tests did not show evidence of publication bias (t = -0.07, df = 9, p-value = 0.9437 and z = -0.08, p-value = 0.9372, respectively) (Figure 3C).
Figure 3 (A) 5-year overall survival in all HCC. (B) Funnel plot. (C) Funnel plot after Trim-and-fill.
5 years disease survival
DFS favoured LT for all HCC (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.25-0.75, I^2:96%) (Figure 4A). The Egger’s test (t = 0.02, df = 3, p-value = 0.9879) and Begg’s test (z = -0.68, p-value = 0.4969) did not indicate significant publication bias in the original analysis (Figure 4B). After applying the Trim-and-fill method, the Egger’s test (t = 0.02, df = 3, p-value = 0.9879) and Begg’s test (z = -0.76, p-value = 0.4485) still did not show significant evidence of publication bias (Figure 4C).
Figure 4 (A) 5-year disease-free survival in all HCC. (B) Funnel plot. (C) Funnel plot after Trim-and-fill.
HR Overall and disease-free survival
Two studies reported the HR for overall and disease-free survival favouring LT over liver resection (1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.55, I^2: 24% and 2.46, 95% CI: 2.03-2.99, I^2: 47%) (Figures 5A, B).
Figure 5 (A) HR overall survival. (B) HR disease free survival.
Secondary outcomes
Five-year survival in early HCC and ITT was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78, I^2:0%), (Figure 6A) and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.39-0.92, I^2:0%), respectively (Figure 6B). Salvage LT vs. Primary LT did not differ between 5-year survival and DFS (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.33-1.15, I^2:0% and 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82-1.04, I^2:0%) (Figures 7A, B).
Figure 6 (A) Five-year survival in early HCC. (B) Five-year survival in ITT.
Figure 7 (A) Salvage vs primary (overall). (B) Salvage vs primary (disease free).
Discussion
Comparing the outcomes of LT and LR in HCC is crucial because it can inform the decision-making process for selecting the most appropriate treatment option for individual patients (1, 11, 21). By identifying the best treatment between LT and LR, healthcare providers improve the patient’s overall survival and quality of life. Furthermore, there is a shortage of donor organs worldwide, so optimising organ allocation is central to HCC. In some cases, LR may be a viable alternative to LT as a definitive treatment, especially for patients with early-stage HCC and those with limited underlying liver disease or bridge therapy in case of cancer recurrences (10, 27–29). The study included a large cohort of patients, which is a relatively large sample size and may increase the reliability of the findings.
Furthermore, the study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple meta-analyses, which may provide a more comprehensive picture of the topic. Also, the study conducted subgroup analyses for different types of HCC and liver transplantation, which may help identify specific factors that influence outcomes.
LT showed better OS and DFS than LR for HCC. However, survival after retransplantation for cancer recurrences was equal to primary LT for HCC. The finding agreed with the included meta-analyses, independently from the correlation matrix and the cluster analysis.
The results of the meta-analysis provide valuable insights into the comparative effectiveness of liver transplantation (LT) and liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival. These findings align with the evolving body of research in the field, which examines the optimal treatment approaches for HCC patients.
While the meta-analysis indicates funnel plot asymmetry through Egger’s test, this could suggest the presence of publication bias that may skew the results. Using the Trim-and-fill method to address publication bias enhances the reliability of the findings. The favourable disease-free survival outcomes favouring LT over liver resection for all HCC cases align with previous research suggesting that LT can lead to more extended periods without recurrence (30, 31). The absence of significant publication bias in the initial analysis and after using the Trim-and-fill method adds confidence to these findings.
Furthermore, the HR analysis suggests that LT may be associated with better overall survival than liver resection, as the HR favours LT. The I^2 value of 24% suggests moderate heterogeneity, indicating relatively consistent results among the studies included.
The quality assessment of the included studies reveals that there was at least a critical flaw in the meta-analysis methodology. Many of the studies under consideration did not adequately address the potential risks of bias in their analyses, nor did they thoroughly discuss how these biases might influence the outcomes reported in the review. This oversight raises concerns about the robustness and reliability of the findings presented in these studies (32). Biases, whether related to study design, data collection, or reporting, can introduce systematic errors that may distort the overall conclusions of a meta-analysis. Failing to acknowledge and address these biases can undermine the validity and credibility of the study’s results. It is essential for future research to comprehensively evaluate and report on the potential biases and their potential impact to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the meta-analytic findings.
There was some heterogeneity in the data, particularly in the DFS analysis, possibly due to differences in study design and patient populations. Therefore, despite the present findings, individual patient factors and clinical considerations should still be considered when determining the most appropriate treatment approach for HCC (31).
The correlation analysis of the present study indicates a moderate association level between the variables, while hierarchical clustering identified three distinct clusters based on the correlation coefficients. The integration of hierarchical clustering analysis to validate the consistency of findings adds further strength to the results. The silhouette analysis suggests these clusters are well-defined, with different data points forming cohesive groups. The three clusters showed good separation and assignment of data points to clusters, confirming a consistent agreement among the meta-analyses about the advantage of LT over LR, independently from the included studies.
Several potential sources of bias in this study should be considered. While the results and conclusions of the study may provide valuable insights into the overall management of HCC, it is essential to consider the heterogeneity of the patient population and the specific clinical contexts when interpreting the findings for different subgroups of patients. A limitation of the present study was the difficulties in drawing the same conclusions for patients with HCC within or outside Milan criteria, undergoing a first or a salvage transplantation. Similarly, whether the manuscript included three meta-analyses, reporting outcomes in ITT patients, the lack of robust data may result in a positive outcome for the LT group and in a disadvantage in the LR group. Another potential source of bias is measurement bias, as the determination of survival and disease-free survival may be affected by factors such as follow-up time, surveillance protocols, and the definition of recurrence. Finally, there may be publication bias, as studies with negative or null findings may be less likely to be published or included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (33, 34).
By systematically analysing the citation matrix, the authors identified clusters of meta-analysis indicating potential overlap or duplication. However, the association was moderate, and the primary outcomes results consistent. The integration of hierarchical clustering analysis to validate the consistency of findings added further strength to the results. The silhouette analysis suggested these clusters were well-defined, with different data points forming cohesive groups. The three clusters showed good separation and assignment of data points to clusters, confirming a consistent agreement among the meta-analyses about the advantage of LT over LR, independently from the included studies.
Future research could explore the impact of patient-specific characteristics on treatment effectiveness, investigate new biomarkers for patient selection, develop individualised treatment algorithms, and assess novel therapies in combination with surgical interventions to improve outcomes.
In conclusion, the study’s findings consistently suggest that LT offers better 5-year and disease-free survival rates than LR for HCC. These results hold significance for clinical practice, as they provide insights into the most effective treatment approach for HCC patients. The study underscores the importance of addressing biases and limitations in meta-analyses and highlights potential areas for future research to enhance HCC treatment strategies.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
AM: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AB: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. IW: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FF: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FA: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. FG: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2024.1366607/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: liver transplantation, liver resection, hepatocellular carcinoma, survival, meta-analysis
Citation: Martinino A, Bucaro A, Cardella F, Wazir I, Frongillo F, Ardito F and Giovinazzo F (2024) Liver transplantation vs liver resection in HCC: promoting extensive collaborative research through a survival meta-analysis of meta-analyses. Front. Oncol. 14:1366607. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1366607
Received: 06 January 2024; Accepted: 13 February 2024;
Published: 18 March 2024.
Edited by:
Giorgio Treglia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), SwitzerlandReviewed by:
Pierluigi Romano, University Hospital of Padua, ItalySjaak Pouwels, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital (ETZ), Netherlands
Gianluca Rompianesi, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Copyright © 2024 Martinino, Bucaro, Cardella, Wazir, Frongillo, Ardito and Giovinazzo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Francesco Giovinazzo, giovinazzo_francesco@live.com