AUTHOR=Wang Fang , Dong Jiawei , Zhang Jiheng , Zhao Hongtao , Wang Nan , Jin Jiaqi , Yan Xiuwei , Gao Xin , Liu Han , Hu Shaoshan 

TITLE=Rapid progression of subcutaneous glioblastoma: A case report and literature review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.935944

DOI=10.3389/fonc.2023.935944

ISSN=2234-943X

ABSTRACT=<p>Extra-neural spread of glioblastoma (GBM) is extremely rare. We report a case of postoperative intracranial GBM spreading to the subcutaneous tissue <italic>via</italic> the channel of craniotomy defect in a 73-year-old woman. Radiological images and histopathology indicate that the tumor microenvironment of the subcutaneous tumor is clearly different from the intracranial tumor. We also model the invasion of GBM cells through the dura-skull defect in mouse. The retrospective analysis of GBM with scalp metastases suggests that craniectomy is a direct cause of subcutaneous metastasis in patients with GBM. Imaging examinations of other sites for systemic screening is also recommended to look for metastases outside the brain when GBM invades the scalp or metastasizes to it.</p>