Xiaofen Li
Qing Ma2†
Chen Chang
Dan Cao- 1Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- 2General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- 3West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Background: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (GEP-NEC) is a group of rare but highly aggressive malignancies. The standard chemotherapy regimens composed of etoposide and cisplatin/carboplatin (EP/EC) are of limited efficacy. This prospective, multicenter, phase II study is conducted to explore the effectiveness and safety of first-line anti-PD-1 antibody (camrelizumab) combined with chemotherapy in advanced GEP-NEC patients.
Methods: Patients with unresectable or metastatic GEP-NEC will receive camrelizumab combined with standard first-line chemotherapy every 3 weeks (camrelizumab 200 mg, administered intravenously on day 1; etoposide 100 mg/m2, administered intravenously on days 1–3; cisplatin 75 mg/m2, administered intravenously on day 1 or carboplatin area under the curve 5 mg/ml per min, administered intravenously on day 1). All patients were naïve to systemic therapy in the advanced setting. The primary endpoint is a 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate. The secondary endpoints are objective response rate, PFS, overall survival and adverse reactions.
Discussion: This is the first study to investigate the therapeutic potential of camrelizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced GEP-NEC. It is expected that this trial will propose a new and effective treatment strategy for GEP-NEC in the first-line setting.
Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100047314.
Date of Registration: June 12, 2021.
Background
According to the 2019 WHO Classification of Tumors of Digestive System, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are classified into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (1, 2). GEP-NECs are composed of highly atypical cells with high proliferative activity (>20 mitoses/2 mm2 or a Ki-67 index >20%) and poor prognosis. In recent decades, the incidence of GEP-NEC has been reported to have increased rapidly (3, 4).
Despite progressing understanding of NECs and emerging new therapies, the standard first-line treatment for GEP-NEC patients is still platinum-based chemotherapy, which has been used for over 30 years (5, 6). However, the efficacy and long-lasting response of platinum-based chemotherapy (etoposide and cisplatin/carboplatin, EP/EC regimens) is very limited. The reported objective response rate (ORR) ranges from 20% to 40%, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 2–6 months and an overall survival (OS) of 6–12 months (7). In the NORDIC NEC study, investigators retrospectively analyzed 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal NEC and found that the ORR of the first-line platinum-based chemotherapy was 31%, with a median PFS of 4 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–4.6 months) and a median OS of 11 months (95% CI 9.4–12.6 months) (8). In fact, recommendations of the first-line platinum-based chemotherapy for GEP-NECs are mainly based on non-randomized, small sample size, and retrospective studies. Further prospective studies with new treatment approaches are in urgent need for GEP-NEC patients.
Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable responses in various solid malignancies, especially in tumors with a high mutational rate, deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) status, or positive PD-L1 expression. Preclinical studies have shown a high tumor mutational rate (TMB) and high frequency of positive PD-L1 expression in neuroendocrine carcinomas, which indicates immunogenic and promising responsiveness to ICIs (9–11). In small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung, which is similar to GEP-NEC in pathology, two randomized, controlled, phase 3 trials have demonstrated the survival benefits of ICIs (atezolizumab and durvalumab) combined with EP/EC chemotherapy (12, 13). Thus, atezolizumab or durvalumab combined with chemotherapy has been recommended as the standard first-line treatment for small cell lung cancer by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (14). Additionally, some small size trials have revealed the efficacy and manageable toxicity of ICIs in refractory high-grade NENs (15–18). In the DART SWOG 1609 study, nivolumab plus ipilimumab showed an ORR of 44% and a 6-month PFS rate of 44% in refractory high-grade gastrointestinal and pulmonary NECs (15). A recently published study showed an encouraging response of sintilimab in refractory GEP-NECs with an ORR of 27.8% (18).
Inspired by preclinical work and immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer, we conducted this study to explore the benefit of an anti-PD-1 antibody, camrelizumab, combined with chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced GEP-NEC patients.
Methods and analysis
Study design and treatment
This prospective, multicenter, single-arm, phase II study is designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of first-line camrelizumab combined with standard chemotherapy in patients diagnosed with advanced GEP-NEC. The study protocol is formulated in accordance with the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) statement (19). The trial has obtained ethics approval by the Chinese Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials and is currently ongoing in six medical facilities in China. This protocol is version 3.0 revised on 21 January 2022.
The main inclusion criteria are pathologically confirmed local advanced or metastatic GEP-NEC according to the 2019 WHO Classification of Tumors of Digestive System; primary tumor located in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, or bile duct; without previous first-line systemic antitumor therapy since advanced GEP-NEC diagnosis; at least a 6-month interval between cancer recurrence or metastasis and the end of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients who received prior radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy; aged 18 to 75 years; life expectancy of over 3 months; ECOG performance status 0 or 1; at least one measurable lesion according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 (20); and adequate organ function. Table 1 lists complete inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Table 1 Patient inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Patients eligible for participation and having signed informed consents will receive camrelizumab and EP/EC chemotherapy every 3 weeks (camrelizumab 200 mg ivgtt on day 1 + etoposide 100 mg/m2 ivgtt on days 1–3 + cisplatin 75 mg/m2 ivgtt on day 1 or carboplatin area under the curve 5 mg/ml per min, ivgtt on day 1). The total dose of cisplatin can be administered in 3 days. Treatment continues until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, patient refusal, or investigator decision. Patients will receive maintenance treatment of camrelizumab (200 mg, q3w) if disease stable or remission after 6 cycles of combination therapy. The treatment duration of camrelizumab is at most 24 months. The study design is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Outline of the study design.
Endpoints and assessments
The primary endpoint of this trial is the 6-month PFS rate. The secondary endpoints are ORR, PFS, OS, safety, and quality of life. The disease evaluation is performed every 9 weeks by computed tomography (CT) based on RECIST version 1.1. Patients who get radiological disease progression (PD) could be permitted to continue treatment if investigators judge the clinical benefit from the continued treatment (according to physical status, clinical symptoms, and laboratory examination results). Moreover, these patients should receive imaging examination again to determine whether they get confirmed PD after 4 weeks according to immune-related RECIST (irRECIST) (21). PFS is defined as the time from trial enrollment to first confirmed PD or death. OS is defined as the time from trial enrollment to death of any cause. And ORR is defined as the percentage of patients that obtain complete response (CR) or partial response (PR).
Serum and tissue samples will be collected before treatment start for cytokines, TMB, microsatellite instability, and PD-L1 analyses. All adverse events will be monitored during the treatment period, which will be assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The quality of life will be evaluated at baseline and prior to every imaging evaluation, using the validated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) (22).
Sample size and statistical analyses
The primary endpoint of this study is the 6-month PFS rate. Previous convincing reference data are very limited. Due to the rarity of GEP-NEC, there is no published large-scale phase III study about first-line treatment. Due to similarities in clinical, pathological, and prognostic characteristics between GEP-NEC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the first-line chemotherapy for GEP-NEC is recommended based on guidelines of SCLC and some small sample size and retrospective studies of GEP-NEC. Based on phase III results of SCLC and retrospective data of GEP-NEC, the reported 6-month PFS rate is about 22% for reference. In our study, the expected 6-month PFS rate is set at 40%. To achieve 80% power with a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, we need to enroll 44 patients. Considering a dropout rate of 10%, a total of 49 patients are required. SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) will be used to perform all the statistical analyses.
Discussion
GEP-NECs are characterized by rapid deterioration and poor prognosis. The current recommended first-line platinum-based chemotherapy is of limited efficacy. A new treatment strategy is in urgent need for GEP-NECs.
As aforementioned, studies have revealed that NECs have features of high TMB and PD-L1-positive expression, indicating immunogenic and promising responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (9–11). In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors have significant survival benefit in small cell lung cancer (12, 13) and Merkel cell carcinoma (23, 24), both of which are with similar biological characteristics to GEP-NEC. Inspired by these results, we have planned this trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of first-line immunotherapy combined with standard platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced GEP-NEC patients.
At present, there are a few studies investigating the value of immunotherapy in refractory advanced gastrointestinal NECs (15, 16). The phase II study, DART SWOG 1609, explored the efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in refractory non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The results showed a relatively high ORR of 44% (8/18) and acceptable toxicity in patients with gastrointestinal and pulmonary NECs (15). However, to date, there is no published study exploring the benefit of first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in GEP-NECs. We believe our study will propose a brand new treatment approach for advanced GEP-NECs.
There are several limitations in our study, including lack of a control group, a small sample size, and uncertain predictive biomarkers of therapeutic effect. Besides, as this is an investigator-initiated trial with limited budgets, the histological and radiological evaluations are performed in local centers without centralized assessment.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
This study was reviewed and approved by Chinese Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
DC and XL are responsible for the trial design. XL is responsible for recruitment and patient information. QM and CC are responsible for patient follow-up. QM and HL are responsible for data collection. XL and CC are responsible for statistical analysis. XL, QM, and DC drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study is supported by the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2021YFS0047). The main role of the funding is providing financial support for this study.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the understanding and cooperation of enrolled patients.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, camrelizumab, immunotherapy, first line, study protocol
Citation: Li X, Ma Q, Chang C, Li H and Cao D (2022) First-line treatment of camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: Study protocol for a prospective, multicenter, phase II study. Front. Oncol. 12:958905. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.958905
Received: 22 June 2022; Accepted: 26 August 2022;
Published: 16 September 2022.
Edited by:
Alfredo Berruti, University of Brescia, ItalyReviewed by:
Lawrence Kasherman, The University of Sydney, AustraliaAlberto Bongiovanni, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Italy
Copyright © 2022 Li, Ma, Chang, Li and Cao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Dan Cao, caodan@scu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work