AUTHOR=Yang Xiao , Lv Jiancheng , Zhou Zijian , Feng Dexiang , Zhou Rui , Yuan Baorui , Wu Qikai , Yu Hao , Han Jie , Cao Qiang , Gu Min , Li Pengchao , Yang Haiwei , Lu Qiang 

TITLE=Clinical Application of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Endothelial Cells in Predicting Bladder Cancer Prognosis and Neoadjuvant Chemosensitivity

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.802188

DOI=10.3389/fonc.2021.802188

ISSN=2234-943X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Purpose</title><p>To investigate the role of circulating rare cells (CRCs), namely, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), in aiding early intervention, treatment decision, and prognostication in bladder cancer.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 196 patients with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer, namely, 141 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and 55 muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. There were 32 patients who received cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC). Subtraction enrichment combined with immunostaining-fluorescence <italic>in situ</italic> hybridization (SE-iFISH) strategy was used for CTC/CEC detection. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression were used to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Receiver operator characteristic analysis was used to discriminate NAC sensitivity.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>CTCs and CECs were related to clinicopathological characteristics. Triploid CTCs, tetraploid CTCs, and total CECs were found to be higher in incipient patients than in relapse patients (<italic>P</italic> = 0.036, <italic>P</italic> = 0.019, and <italic>P</italic> = 0.025, respectively). The number of total CECs and large cell CECs was also associated with advanced tumor stage (<italic>P</italic> = 0.028 and <italic>P</italic> = 0.033) and grade (<italic>P</italic> = 0.028 and <italic>P</italic> = 0.041). Remarkably, tumor-biomarker-positive CTCs were associated with worse OS and RFS (<italic>P</italic> = 0.026 and <italic>P</italic> = 0.038) in NMIBC patients underwent TURBT. CECs cluster was an independent predictor of recurrence in non-high-risk NMIBC patients underwent TURBT (HR = 9.21, <italic>P</italic> = 0.040). For NAC analysis, pre-NAC tetraploid CTCs and small cell CTCs demonstrated the capability in discriminating NAC-sensitive from insensitive patients. Additionally, tetraploid CTCs and single CTCs elevated post-NAC would indicate chemoresistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>CTCs and CECs may putatively guide in diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and therapeutic decision-making for bladder cancer.</p></sec>