AUTHOR=Gu Yi-Min , Zhuo Yue , Chen Long-Qi , Yuan Yong TITLE=The Clinical Application of Neoantigens in Esophageal Cancer JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2021 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.703517 DOI=10.3389/fonc.2021.703517 ISSN=2234-943X ABSTRACT=Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and current treatments for patients with advanced EC remains undesirable. Nowadays, immunotherapy has been recognized as a new promising approach for various tumors. EC cells harbor abundant tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens. The latter, also referred to as neoantigens, are immunogenic mutated peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Current genomics and bioinformatics technologies and has greatly facilitated the identification of tumor neoantigens, however, identifying individual neoantigens systematically for successful therapies remains a challenging problem. Owing to the initiation of strong specific tumor-killing cytotoxic T cell response, neoantigens are emerging as promising targets to develop personalized treatment and has triggered the development of cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies and combination therapies. This review aims to give a much better understanding of the clinical application of neoantigens in EC to date and point out several directions for future investigation.