AUTHOR=Ederhy Stéphane , Salem Joe-Elie , Dercle Laurent , Hasan Abrar Saqif , Chauvet-Droit Marion , Nhan Pascal , Ammari Samy , Pinna Bruno , Redheuil Alban , Boussouar Samia , Champiat Stephane , Soulat-Dufour Laurie , Cohen Ariel TITLE=Role of Cardiac Imaging in the Diagnosis of Immune Checkpoints Inhibitors Related Myocarditis JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology VOLUME=11 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.640985 DOI=10.3389/fonc.2021.640985 ISSN=2234-943X ABSTRACT=

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have constituted a paradigm shift in the management of patients with cancer. Their administration is associated with a new spectrum of immune-related toxicities that can affect any organ. In patients treated with ICI, cardiovascular toxicities, particularly myocarditis, occur with a low incidence (<1%) but with a high fatality rate (30−50%). ICI-related myocarditis has been attributed to an immune infiltration, comprising of T-cells that are positive for CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and macrophages that are positive for CD68. The diagnosis remains challenging and is made based on clinical syndrome, an electrocardiogram (ECG), biomarker data, and imaging criteria. In most clinical scenarios, endomyocardial biopsy plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, while cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) has limitations that should be acknowledged. In this review, we discuss the role of medical imaging in optimizing the management of ICI related myocarditis, including diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment decisions.