AUTHOR=Triki Raoua , Ben Abderrahman Abderraouf , Salhi Iyed , Rhibi Fatma , Saeidi Ayoub , Almaqhawi Abdullah , Hackney Anthony C. , Laher Ismail , Granacher Urs , Zouhal Hassane 

TITLE=Effects of time-of-day resistance training on muscle strength, hormonal adaptations, and sleep quality during Ramadan fasting

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1439738

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2024.1439738

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Objectives</title><p>We investigated the timing of resistance training (RT) during Ramadan fasting (RF) on muscle strength, hormonal adaptations, and sleep quality.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>Forty healthy and physically active male Muslims (age = 25.7 ± 5.6 years, body mass = 85.1 ± 17.5 kg, height = 175 ± 9 cm, BMI = 28.3 ± 5.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were enrolled in this study and 37 completed pre and post-tests. Subjects were randomly allocated into two experimental groups. Group 1 (FAST, <italic>n</italic> = 20) completed an 8-week whole-body RT in the late afternoon (between 16 h and 18 h) while fasting. Group 2 (FED, <italic>n</italic> = 20) completed the similar RT protocol compared with FAST at night (between 20 h and 22 h). The following parameters were analyzed at various time-points: 2 weeks before the start of RF (T0), on the 15th day of Ramadan (T1), on the 29th day of Ramadan (T2), and 21 days after the last day of RF (T3) where both groups were in a fed state. One-repetition maximum tests (1-RM) were conducted for the squats (1-RM<sub>SQ</sub>), the deadlift (1-RM<sub>DL</sub>) and the bench press (1-RM<sub>BP</sub>). Sleep quality was assessed using the full Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Blood samples were taken to determine cortisol, testosterone and IGF-1 levels. Additionally, acute hormonal responses were evaluated before (BF), immediately after (AF), and 30 min after a RT session (AF-30 min) at T0, T1, T2, and T3.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>Significant group-by-time interactions were identified for 1-RM<sub>SQ</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001; effect size [ES] = 0.43) and 1-RM<sub>DL</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001; ES = 0.36). <italic>Post-hoc</italic> tests indicated significant 1-RM<sub>SQ</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03; ES = 0.12) and 1-RM<sub>DL</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04; ES = 0.21) improvements from T0-T2 for FED. Additionally, significant group-by-time interactions were observed for the chronic effects on cortisol (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03; ES = 0.27) and testosterone levels (<italic>p</italic> = 0.01; ES = 0.32). <italic>Post-hoc</italic> tests indicated significant increases of cortisol levels among FAST at T1 and T2 compared to T0 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.05; ES = 0.41, <italic>p</italic> = 0.03; ES =  0.34) and a significant increase in cortisol levels in FED at T1 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.05; ES = 0.29) and T2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04; ES = 0.25). However, the observed increase was lower compared to FAST. <italic>Post-hoc</italic> tests also indicated significant increases of testosterone only among FED at T2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04; ES = 0.31). A significant group-by-time interaction was found for the acute effect of exercise on cortisol level (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04; ES = 0.34). The cortisol level immediately after RT was higher in FAST only at T1 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03; ES = 0.39) and T2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.05; ES = 0.22) compared with T0. No significant group-by-time interactions were identified for sleep quality (<italic>p</italic> = 0.07; ES = 0.43).</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Muslims can safely practice RT during RF. However, training in a fed state during Ramadan might be more effective than during fasted state for the enhancement of maximal strength with better hormonal responses observed.</p></sec>