AUTHOR=Partearroyo Teresa , Samaniego-Vaesken María de Lourdes , Rodríguez-Alonso Paula , Soto-Méndez María José , Hernández-Ruiz Ángela , Gil Ángel , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio 

TITLE=Dietary intake, nutritional adequacy and food sources of vitamins involved in the methionine-methylation cycle from Spanish children aged one to <10 years: results from the EsNuPI study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1248908

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2023.1248908

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Methionine-methylation cycle and the derived critical functions during infancy are key regulated by folates, vitamins B<sub>12</sub>, and B<sub>6</sub>. At present in Spain, there is an absence of studies that assess the intakes and dietary sources of total folates and B<sub>12</sub> by children consuming all types of milks and those regularly consuming adapted milk formulas. Thus, our aim was to evaluate folates intakes alongside with vitamins B<sub>6</sub> and B<sub>12</sub> while describing their major dietary contributors in Spanish children aged one to &lt;10 years.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 1,448 children aged between 1 and 10 years (49.7% girls and 50.3% boys) from the EsNuPI, a prospective cross-sectional study, were allocated into two cohorts: one Spanish Reference Cohort (SRS) of the general population (<italic>n</italic> = 707), and another including children consuming adapted milks called Adapted Milk Consumers Cohort (AMS) (<italic>n</italic> = 741) completed two 24 h dietary recalls used to estimate their nutrient intakes and to compare them to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Population Reference Intakes.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>The median intake of vitamin B<sub>6</sub> was 1.35 (1.06–1.70) mg/day in the SRS and 1.45 (1.17–1.79) mg/day in the AMS, being significantly higher in the AMS for all age-groups. Prevalence of adequacy for vitamin B<sub>6</sub> in the SRS and AMS was 97.7 and 98.7%, respectively. Total folates intakes in the AMS were significantly higher (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.001) in all age groups than in the SRS, independently of age. In addition, the prevalence of adequacy for folates intakes in all groups was more than 60%. Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> intake increased with age independently of the type of milk consumed. The prevalence of adequacy for vitamin B<sub>12</sub> was highly compliant by all population groups. The major contributors to vitamin B<sub>6</sub> were milk and dairy products being significantly higher in AMS than SRS (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.001). The highest contributors to folates intakes were milk and dairy products, cereals, vegetables, and fruits in both groups whereas for vitamin B<sub>12</sub> in the SRS sample were milk and dairy products followed by meat and meats products and for adapted milks, were milk and dairy products, followed by eggs, then meat and meats products.</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>A satisfactory prevalence of adequacy for vitamins B<sub>6</sub>, and B<sub>12</sub> amongst the Spanish children population was observed, which was not the case for folates, regardless of the dietary group evaluated. Nevertheless, a possible strategy to increase folate intake among the youngest children is to increase the consumption of milk and dairy products within a healthier dietary pattern, as these may contribute significantly to the vitamin needs of the infant population.</p></sec>