AUTHOR=Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka , Kokot Teresa , Czech Elżbieta , Całyniuk Beata , Kiciak Agata , Staśkiewicz Wiktoria , Stanjek-Cichoracka Anita , Słoma-Krześlak Małgorzata , Sobek Olga , Kujawińska Maria , Grot Martina , Szczepańska Elżbieta , Muc-Wierzgoń Małgorzata 

TITLE=Dietary trends among Polish women in 2011–2022—cross-sectional study of food consumption frequency among women aged 20–50 in Silesia region, Poland

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1219704

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2023.1219704

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Women’s nutrition should be different from that of men. Women have lower energy requirements than men. And the need for certain vitamins and minerals is higher in women, this applies to iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B9 (folic acid). This is related to hormonal changes including menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding and the onset of menopause. Through hormonal changes and the changing physiological state, women are at greater risk of anaemia, bone weakness and osteoporosis.</p><p>The aim of the study was to assess changes in the dietary pattern among women from the Silesian Agglomeration in Poland between 2011 and 2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and method</title><p>The survey was conducted in 2011 (March–May 2011) and in 2022 (October–November 2022) among women living in the Silesian Agglomeration (Silesia region) in Poland aged 20–50. After consideration of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 745 women were included in the final analysis, including 437 women screened in 2011 and 308 women screened in 2022.</p><p>The research tool used in this publication was a survey questionnaire consisting of 2 parts. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of demographic data. The second part of the study focused on the dietary habits of the women surveyed and the frequency of consumption of individual foods (FFQ).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>More women in 2022 ate breakfast than in 2011 (77.6% vs. 63.8% <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast I at home (73.1% vs. 62.5%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast II (39.0% vs. 35.2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast II at home (28.6% vs. 19.2%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.002), and were more likely to eat lunch at work (16.6% vs. 3.4%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Women in 2022 were more likely to consume fast-food (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001), salty snacks (chips, crisps) (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) and sweets (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Women in 2022 were more likely to consume whole-grain bread (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), wholemeal pasta (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), brown rice (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), oatmeal (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), buckwheat groats (<italic>p</italic> = 0.06), and bran (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) than women in 2011. They were less likely to consume white bread (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), light pasta (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004), white rice (<italic>p</italic> = 0.008) and cornflakes (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) in 2022.</p><p>Women in 2022 were significantly more likely to consume vegetables (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) than women in 2011.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Eating habits in Silesia region women changed between 2011 and 2022. In 2022, women were more likely to choose cereal products considered health-promoting and rich in dietary fiber (including whole-grain bread, whole-grain pasta, oatmeal, bran) were more likely to consume vegetables, dry pulses and vegetarian dinners, and consumed less meat, cured meats, fish and dairy products. Consumption of fast-food, salty snacks (such as chips) and sweets increased.</p></sec>