AUTHOR=Muelbert Mariana , Alexander Tanith , Vickers Mark H. , Harding Jane E. , Galante Laura , Bloomfield Frank H. ,  the DIAMOND study group , Muelbert Mariana , Alexander Tanith , Galante Laura , Asadi Sharin , Chong Clara Y.L. , Alsweiler Jane M. , Beker Friederike , Bloomfield Frank H. , Cameron-Smith David , Crowther Caroline A. , Harding Jane E. , Jiang Yannan , Meyer Michael P. , Milan Amber , o’Sullivan Justin M. , Wall Clare R. 

TITLE=Glucocorticoids in preterm human milk

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.965654

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2022.965654

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisol and cortisone, are essential regulators of many physiological responses, including immunity, stress and mammary gland function. GCs are present in human milk (HM), but whether maternal and infant factors are associated with HM GC concentration following preterm birth is unclear.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>HM samples were collected on postnatal day 5 and 10 and at 4 months’ corrected age (4m CA) in a cohort of moderate- and late-preterm infants. GCs in HM were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Relationships between GCs in HM and both maternal and infant characteristics were investigated using Spearman’s correlations and linear mixed models.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>170 mothers of 191 infants provided 354 HM samples. Cortisol concentrations in HM increased from postnatal day 5–4m CA (mean difference [MD] 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Cortisone concentration did not change across lactation but was higher than cortisol throughout. Compared to no antenatal corticosteroid (ANS), a complete course of ANS was associated with lower GC concentrations in HM through to 4m CA (cortisol: MD –0.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01; cortisone MD –1.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). At 4m CA, higher maternal perceived stress was negatively associated with GC concentrations in HM (cortisol adjusted beta-coefficient [aβ] –0.01 ± 0.01 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> = 0.05; and cortisone aβ –0.1 ± 0.03 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> = 0.01), whereas higher postpartum depression and maternal obesity were associated with lower cortisone concentrations (aβ –0.1 ± 0.04 ng/ml <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05; MD [healthy <italic>versus</italic> obese] –0.1 ± 0.04 ng/ml <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05, respectively). There was a weak positive correlation between GC concentrations in HM and gestational age at birth (<italic>r</italic> = 0.1, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Infant birth head circumference <italic>z</italic>-score was negatively associated with cortisol concentrations (aβ –0.01 ± 0.04 ng/ml, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). At hospital discharge, fat-free mass showed a weak positive correlation with cortisol concentrations (<italic>r</italic> = 0.2, <italic>p</italic> = 0.03), while fat mass showed a weak negative correlation with cortisone concentrations (<italic>r</italic> = –0.25, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The mammary gland appears to protect the infant from cortisol through inactivation into cortisone. Maternal and infant characteristics were associated with concentration of GCs in HM, including ANS, stress and depression scores, obesity, gestational age and infant size. The effects of HM glucocorticoids on long-term health outcomes requires further research.</p></sec>