AUTHOR=Yi Lingxiao , Wang Qi , Luo Haiyan , Lei Daqing , Tang Zhonghai , Lei Sijia , Xiao Hang 

TITLE=Bioactive Components From Gracilaria rubra With Growth Inhibition on HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells and Anti-inflammatory Capacity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.856282

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2022.856282

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Gracilaria rubra</italic> is rich in bioactive compounds with various potential health benefits. This study aimed to elucidate the profile of both extractable bioactive components (EBCs) and non-extractable bioactive components (NEBCs) of <italic>G. rubra</italic> and determine their anti-colon cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Both EBCs and NEBCs displayed strong suppressive effects on the viability of HCT116 cells, which causes cell cycle arrest, induces cellular apoptosis, and regulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and tumor suppressor proteins. Additionally, EBCs and NEBCs from <italic>G. rubra</italic> displayed anti-inflammatory functions <italic>via</italic> inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages and regulating the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). These findings provide a rationale for animal and human studies designed to evaluate the chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory potential of these bioactive compounds from <italic>G. rubra</italic>.</p>