Skip to main content

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Neurosci.
Sec. Neurodevelopment
Volume 18 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1406172

Experiencing anesthesia and surgery early in life impairs cognitive and behavioral development

Provisionally accepted
Xuqin Jia Xuqin Jia 1*Siyou Tan Siyou Tan 1Yinying Qin Yinying Qin 1*Yi Wei Yi Wei 1*Yage Jiang Yage Jiang 1*Sining Pan Sining Pan 1*Chunlai Li Chunlai Li 1*Jing Chen Jing Chen 1*Tianxiao Liu Tianxiao Liu 1*Yubo Xie Yubo Xie 1,2*
  • 1 Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
  • 2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: The impact of anesthesia and surgery on neurocognitive and behavioral development in infants and children remains inadequately understood. Objective: To investigate the impact of early-life exposure to general anesthesia and surgery on cognitive and behavioral development. Methods and materials: Children aged 0-3 years who underwent general anesthesia and surgical procedures between 2012 and 2015 were included. The cognitive and behavioral development of these children at ages 4-6 years was assessed. Age-, race-, and gender-matched children from the same geographic region, who did not undergo general anesthesia or surgery, served as the control group. The Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) was used to evaluate children's total intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and specific cognitive domains. The Gesell Development Schedules (GSCH) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were employed to assess behavioral and personality development. Additionally, the study analyzed the effects of various factors including anesthesia drugs, surgery duration, number of surgeries, age, weight, ethnicity, and gender on postoperative neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes. Results: The study included 447 children with anesthesia/surgical exposure (AS) and 459 children in the control group. Analysis of cognitive and behavioral development showed a significant difference in the working memory index (WMI) between the AS and control groups (P < 0.05). Exploratory findings indicated that children administered remifentanil exhibited lower developmental quotient (DQ) values, whereas those given fentanyl showed higher (worse) Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) total scores. Moreover, increased anesthesia/surgical exposures, younger age and lower body weight at exposure, and longer surgery durations were associated with cognitive and behavioral developmental challenges. Conclusion: This study examined the impact of early-life exposure to surgery and anesthesia on postoperative cognitive and behavioral development. Findings indicate that higher frequency of exposure to surgery and anesthesia, younger age, and lower body weight at exposure could negatively influence cognitive and behavioral development. Furthermore, variations in the effects of different anesthetics on behavior and cognition were observed. Caution is advised regarding the use of opioid analgesics such as remifentanil and fentanyl for more rigorous clinical applications.

    Keywords: Surgery, Child, Cognition, Behavioral Development, Anesthesia

    Received: 24 Mar 2024; Accepted: 11 Jul 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Jia, Tan, Qin, Wei, Jiang, Pan, Li, Chen, Liu and Xie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Xuqin Jia, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Yinying Qin, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Yi Wei, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Yage Jiang, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Sining Pan, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Chunlai Li, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Jing Chen, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Tianxiao Liu, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China
    Yubo Xie, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Region, China

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.