AUTHOR=Özdemir Oğulcan , Baytaş İnci M. , Akarun Lale TITLE=Multi-cue temporal modeling for skeleton-based sign language recognition JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience VOLUME=17 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1148191 DOI=10.3389/fnins.2023.1148191 ISSN=1662-453X ABSTRACT=

Sign languages are visual languages used as the primary communication medium for the Deaf community. The signs comprise manual and non-manual articulators such as hand shapes, upper body movement, and facial expressions. Sign Language Recognition (SLR) aims to learn spatial and temporal representations from the videos of the signs. Most SLR studies focus on manual features often extracted from the shape of the dominant hand or the entire frame. However, facial expressions combined with hand and body gestures may also play a significant role in discriminating the context represented in the sign videos. In this study, we propose an isolated SLR framework based on Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks (ST-GCNs) and Multi-Cue Long Short-Term Memorys (MC-LSTMs) to exploit multi-articulatory (e.g., body, hands, and face) information for recognizing sign glosses. We train an ST-GCN model for learning representations from the upper body and hands. Meanwhile, spatial embeddings of hand shape and facial expression cues are extracted from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) pre-trained on large-scale hand and facial expression datasets. Thus, the proposed framework coupling ST-GCNs with MC-LSTMs for multi-articulatory temporal modeling can provide insights into the contribution of each visual Sign Language (SL) cue to recognition performance. To evaluate the proposed framework, we conducted extensive analyzes on two Turkish SL benchmark datasets with different linguistic properties, BosphorusSign22k and AUTSL. While we obtained comparable recognition performance with the skeleton-based state-of-the-art, we observe that incorporating multiple visual SL cues improves the recognition performance, especially in certain sign classes where multi-cue information is vital. The code is available at: https://github.com/ogulcanozdemir/multicue-slr.