AUTHOR=Carbajal Monica S. , Bounmy Asiah J. C. , Harrison Olivia B. , Nolen Hunter G. , Regan Samantha L. , Williams Michael T. , Vorhees Charles V. , Sable Helen J. K. 

TITLE=Impulsive choice in two different rat models of ADHD—Spontaneously hypertensive and Lphn3 knockout rats

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience

VOLUME=17

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1094218

DOI=10.3389/fnins.2023.1094218

ISSN=1662-453X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Impulsivity is a symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variants in the <italic>Lphn3 (Adgrl3</italic>) gene (OMIM 616417) have been linked to ADHD. This project utilized a delay-discounting (DD) task to examine the impact of <italic>Lphn3</italic> deletion in rats on impulsive choice. “Positive control” measures were also collected in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), another animal model of ADHD.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>For Experiment I, rats were given the option to press one lever for a delayed reward of 3 food pellets or the other lever for an immediate reward of 1 pellet. Impulsive choice was measured as the tendency to discount the larger, delayed reward. We hypothesized that impulsive choice would be greater in the SHR and <italic>Lphn3</italic> knockout (KO) rats relative to their control strains - Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and <italic>Lphn3</italic> wildtype (WT) rats, respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results did not completely support the hypothesis, as only the SHRs (but not the <italic>Lphn3</italic> KO rats) demonstrated a decrease in the percent choice for the larger reward. Because subsequent trials did not begin until the end of the delay period regardless of which lever was selected, rats were required to wait for the next trial to start even if they picked the immediate lever. Experiment II examined whether the rate of reinforcement influenced impulsive choice by using a DD task that incorporated a 1 s inter-trial interval (ITI) immediately after delivery of either the immediate (1 pellet) or delayed (3 pellet) reinforcer. The results of Experiment II found no difference in the percent choice for the larger reward between <italic>Lphn3</italic> KO and WT rats, demonstrating reinforcement rate did not influence impulsive choice in <italic>Lphn3</italic> KO rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Overall, there were impulsivity differences among the ADHD models, as SHRs exhibited deficits in impulsive choice, while the <italic>Lphn3</italic> KO rats did not.</p></sec>