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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neuroepidemiology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1538413
Global, regional, and national burden and trends of intracerebral hemorrhage among adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive trend analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021
Provisionally accepted
XuanChen Liu 1,2
Xiaoxiong Yang 2,3 Yaoju Meng 2,3 Boyang Wen 2,3 Kun Yan 2,3 Qiyi Zhang 2,3 Junhao Wang 2,3 Yifei Su 2,3 Xiaochen Niu 4 Yingda Song 3
Rui Cheng 2,3
Hongming Ji 2,3 Guijun Jia 2,3*
Chunhong Wang 2,3*- 1 Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 2 The Neurosurgery Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 3 Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- 4 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) poses a significant health challenge, notably affecting adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15-39 years. Despite advancements in medical technology, the global burden of ICH remains substantial, influenced by lifestyle factors, socioeconomic conditions, and disparities in healthcare access. This study leverages data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) to conduct a comprehensive analysis of ICH trends and burdens at global, regional, and national levels, emphasizing the role of the Social Development Index (SDI).Methods: We utilized data from the GBD 2021 to assess the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with ICH from 1990 to 2021, covering 204 countries and regions. Age-standardized rates were calculated to ensure comparability. Temporal trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression analysis, and future projections were made using a Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model.Results: In 2021, approximately 246,938 new cases of ICH were reported among the global AYAs population, reflecting a decline in age-standardized incidence rates from 11.85 per 100,000 in 1990 to 8.14 in 2021. Prevalence rates also decreased from 124.44 to 94.58 per 100,000. Mortality rates and DALYs exhibited similar downward trends. Significant regional disparities were observed, with high SDI regions experiencing lower ICH burdens than low SDI regions, highlighting the influence of socioeconomic factors and healthcare access.While the global burden of ICH among AYAs has declined, significant disparities persist, particularly in regions with lower SDI. To further mitigate the impact of ICH, public health initiatives should focus on enhancing healthcare infrastructure, promoting health education, and addressing socioeconomic inequalities.
Keywords: Global burden of disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, Adolescents and young adults, trend analysis, social development index
Received: 02 Dec 2024; Accepted: 31 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Liu, Yang, Meng, Wen, Yan, Zhang, Wang, Su, Niu, Song, Cheng, Ji, Jia and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Guijun Jia, The Neurosurgery Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
Chunhong Wang, The Neurosurgery Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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