Skip to main content

REVIEW article

Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neuro-Ophthalmology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1493876
This article is part of the Research Topic Retina imaging in neurodegenerative disorders View all 3 articles

Future Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) Applications in Neuro-Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurodegenerative Conditions

Provisionally accepted
Daniel Markowitz Daniel Markowitz 1Elizabeth Affel Elizabeth Affel 2Gyorgy Hajnoczky Gyorgy Hajnoczky 2Robert Sergott Robert Sergott 2*
  • 1 Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
  • 2 Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) has emerged as an innovative advancement in retinal imaging, with the potential to provide in vivo, non-invasive insights into the mitochondrial metabolism of the retina. Traditional retinal imaging, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) intensity imaging, focus solely on structural changes to the retina. In contrast, FLIO provides data that may reflect retinal fluorophore activity, some of which may be indicative of mitochondrial metabolism. This review builds upon the existing literature to describe the principles of FLIO and established uses in retinal diseases while introducing the potential for FLIO in neurodegenerative conditions.

    Keywords: Neurodegenerative Diseases, fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease', Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

    Received: 09 Sep 2024; Accepted: 07 Feb 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Markowitz, Affel, Hajnoczky and Sergott. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Robert Sergott, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 19107, Pennsylvania, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.