Laura Lippa ¹ Elham Rostami ^2,3 Alba Scerrati ⁴ Marina Zeldovich ^5,6*

• ¹ Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy
• ² Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
• ³ Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
• ⁴ Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
• ⁵ Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
• ⁶ Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

Women in Neurotrauma 2023 covers a wide range of areas in neurotrauma research, highlighting the intersection of gender, social determinants of health, and advances in neuroimaging and treatment approaches. The research included focuses primarily on adult and pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), but also touches on other neurotraumarelated conditions such as dementia. Furthermore, the goal of this research topic was to engage female scientists and clinicians in an effort to reduce gender bias in neurotrauma research.TBI represents a significant portion of the global injury burden and is a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality across all ages (1). Survivors often face lifelong challenges affecting social relationships, quality of life, work capacity, and societal participation (2). Despite its widespread impact, TBI is often considered a hidden disability, as its consequences are frequently cognitive and psychiatric rather than physical. A major challenge in developing effective treatments, both acutely and in long-term rehabilitation, lies in the heterogeneity of TBI, with varied causes, pathology, patient demographics, and outcomes. While anyone can sustain a TBI, certain groups, like victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), are at higher risk. It is estimated that up to 75% of IPV victims suffer a TBI, often from blows to the head or strangulation (3).The purpose of this editorial is to summarize and categorize research into: 1) adult neurotrauma, 2) pediatric neurotrauma, 3) advances in neuroimaging, and 4) diversity and public health in neurotrauma care. These topics represent the breadth of research and provide a comprehensive overview of dimensions of neurotrauma. The variety of study types, including systematic or narrative reviews, original research studies, or case reports, further reflects the multifaceted nature of this research area. Rojczyk and colleagues (4) examined the impact of neuropsychiatric conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance use disorders on the odds of intimated partner violence (IPV) perpetration among male veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars diagnosed with mild TBI (mTBI). Results indicate that veterans with mTBI and psychiatric disorders are significantly more likely to engage in IPV, with aggression associated with microstructural changes in the limbic system, particularly the amygdala-hippocampal complex. This suggests that neurotrauma-related brain